動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式：。
(1)動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種形式；其中分詞又包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式。它們?cè)诰渥又胁荒軉为?dú)作謂語。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式：
① 形式：動(dòng)詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問形式是：“wh-疑問詞+to+動(dòng)詞原形”。*它的被動(dòng)形式：“to be +過去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have +過去分詞”。
② 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。但不定式也保留動(dòng)詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語、表語和狀語。動(dòng)詞不定式加上相關(guān)成分就構(gòu)成不定式短語。
③ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動(dòng)詞不定式或不定式短語放在謂語后面,而在主語位置用“it”作形式主語(有時(shí)在不定式的前面還會(huì)用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。如：To help animals is helping people.(幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對(duì)于我們而言)學(xué)好漢語是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間)
④ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以作謂語動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)的賓語。
[A] 及物動(dòng)詞+不定式一般形式：
謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.)
+不定式
(作賓語)
[說 明]
want(想) / try(試圖) / decide(決定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜愛) / learn(學(xué)會(huì)) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失敗、未能) / mean(意味著) / prefer(寧愿) / wish(希望)
+ to (do)
(無)
help(幫助)
to可以省略
begin(開始)/ start(開始)/hate(憎恨)
也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化不大
forget(忘記) / remember(記得)/ like(總愛)
也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化較大
如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現(xiàn)在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時(shí)候開始學(xué)英語的？)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開時(shí)別忘了關(guān)門
[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關(guān)燈.) (沒關(guān))/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關(guān)過燈.)(關(guān)了) / Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒打電話) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過電話)
[B] 及物動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+不定式：
謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.)
+wh-疑問詞+不定式 (作賓語)
[說明]
tell (告訴) / show (顯示) / know (知道) / ask (問) / find out (發(fā)現(xiàn)) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(學(xué)會(huì)) / forget(忘記) / remember(記得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商討)
what
where
+ how + to (do)
who
which
……
不定式疑問形式還可以作句子的主語、表語等。
如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個(gè))/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問我今天家庭作業(yè)做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網(wǎng)嗎？)
[C] 不定式作賓語而后面又有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),通常用it代替作形式賓語,而不定式則后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)騎車不很容易)
⑤ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞后面。
[A] 記住下面的一些結(jié)構(gòu)：
被修飾部分 + 不定式(作后置定語)
漢 語 意 思
a key
to lock the door
鎖門的鑰匙
a box
to hold these things
裝這些東西的箱子
give her a book
to read
給她一本書讀
Is there any (+名詞/代詞)
to (do)?
有…要(做的)嗎?
It’s time
to go.
是走的時(shí)間了。/ 該走了。
Do you have any work
to do?
你有工作要做嗎?
I’d like something
to eat.
我要點(diǎn)兒吃的。
I have nothing
to say.
我沒有話要說。
Would you like something
to drink?
你要點(diǎn)兒喝的嗎？
[B] 在這種情況下,如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：
They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(請(qǐng)給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)
⑥ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用
作狀語,有下列幾種情況：
[A] 放在不及物動(dòng)詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天來看望她)(表示來的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下來休息一會(huì)兒)(表示停下來的目的)
[B] 放在完整的謂語之后(即“謂語+賓語”、“謂語+賓語+補(bǔ)語”、“動(dòng)詞+表語”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打開窗子以便看得更清楚點(diǎn)兒)
[C] 有時(shí)表示目的的不定式短語可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(為了按時(shí)到達(dá),我們比平時(shí)早起了一個(gè)小時(shí))(表示早起的目的)
[注意] stop to do 與stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來看看)(不定式作“停下來”的目的狀語)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開始聽老師講課)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語,表示“停止”的內(nèi)容)
⑦ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用于連系動(dòng)詞之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)
⑧ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
謂 語 動(dòng) 詞(vt.)
+ 賓語 (人 / 物)
+不定式 (作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
ask(請(qǐng)) / tell(關(guān)照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(讓) / help(幫) / invite(邀請(qǐng)) / like(喜歡) / warn(警告) /
+sb. / sth.
+to (do)
make(使得) / let(讓) / hear(聽) / see(看) / feel(感覺) / watch(觀看)/ have(使得) / help(幫助)
+sb. / sth.
+ (do)
如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我?guī)椭鲲?/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你見見我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時(shí))/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現(xiàn)在讓我來聽你拉小提琴)
[注意] help之后做賓補(bǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補(bǔ)用不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí),含義不同,需特別注意,(參見現(xiàn)在分詞部分)。試比較：
I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過時(shí)聽到她正在哭)(指當(dāng)時(shí)瞬間的情況)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌)(指整個(gè)過程)
(3)動(dòng)名詞
① 動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾“ing”構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞有動(dòng)詞的特征,可以跟賓語,可以被狀語修飾；它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)等。動(dòng)名詞加相關(guān)詞語(賓語或狀語等)構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語。
② 動(dòng)名詞可以作主語。一般可用it作形式主語而將動(dòng)名詞短語后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學(xué)好英語不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)
③ 動(dòng)名詞可以作賓語。
[A] want / need之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),含有被動(dòng)意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的車急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理發(fā)。)(頭發(fā)被理)
[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒寫) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過信)(寫了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)
[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。如：Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關(guān)上你介意嗎？)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機(jī)旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮(zhèn)上轉(zhuǎn)悠)
[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們?cè)谛W(xué)時(shí)就開始學(xué)英語了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們?cè)谛W(xué)時(shí)就開始學(xué)英語了)
④ 動(dòng)名詞可以作表語,此時(shí)特別注意不要與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來)
⑤ 動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成相同,但是含義不同,動(dòng)名詞主要表示事情,而現(xiàn)在分詞則主要表示進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (動(dòng)名詞短語,作主語) / Seeing is believing.(動(dòng)名詞短語,分別作主語和表語) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作定語) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作賓補(bǔ))
(4)分詞： 包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。(高中學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn))
① 主要區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞一般有主動(dòng)的意思或表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的意思；過去分詞有被動(dòng)或動(dòng) 作已經(jīng)完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語或狀語。
② 分詞或分詞短語在句子中作定語、狀語和復(fù)合賓語等。
[A] 作定語：分詞作定語時(shí),一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語作定語時(shí),則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊：捉小偷！) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見了一個(gè)名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個(gè)壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)
[B] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作下列動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。(參考不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.)
賓語
賓語補(bǔ)足語
keep(保持) / see(看到) /
hear(聽到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感覺到)
sb./sth.
(do)ing
如：Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個(gè)星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進(jìn)入房間時(shí)看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個(gè)冷的東西在我的腳上移動(dòng))
[C] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作狀語,表示伴隨情況。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進(jìn)教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準(zhǔn)備即將來到的口語考試)
[D] 過去分詞可以作表語,放在連系動(dòng)詞后面,但要注意不要與被動(dòng)語態(tài)混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態(tài),而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作。常用過去分詞作表語的結(jié)構(gòu)有：be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對(duì)…感興趣)等等。例略。
[E] 過去分詞可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發(fā))(注意：have sth. done表示動(dòng)作由別人來做,而have done sth.則為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu),兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不可以混淆)
△ 基 本 型
用非謂語動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：
1. The best time __________ (plant) trees is in spring.
2. Satellites are used for __________ (learn) more about the earth.
3. He finishes __________ (wash) at eight o’clock in the evening.
4. You’ve worked for 4 hours. Please stop __________ (have) a rest.
5. She often makes us __________ (do) a lot of homework after school.
6. Mother always tell me __________ (not read) in bed.
7. They asked the headmaster __________ (speak) at the meeting.
8. __________ (smoke) too much is bad for your health.
9. the baby was made __________ (laugh) by Tom.
10. Thank you for __________ (come) to see me.
用非謂語動(dòng)詞完成下列各句：
11. I want __________ (看) a film, __________ (而不是看) TV.
12. Did you see her __________________ (下了還是上了) the bus?
13. I’m thirsty. I’d like something __________ (喝).
14. It’s very important __________ (學(xué)) a foreign language well.
15. The old man found it difficult __________ (入睡).
15.The runner fell, but he quickly got up and went on __________ (跑).
16.Remember __________ (關(guān)) the lights when you leave the classroom.
17.Stop __________ (談話), please. It’s time __________ (上課).
18.It took me two hours __________ (完成) my homework last night.
19.I spent two hours __________ (做) my homework last night.
△ 提 高 型
1. I have a lot of things _____ this weekend. (1999上海)
A. do B. did C. doing D. to do
2. You’d better _____ upstairs and tell the children_____ make so much noise.
(1999安徽)
A. go; not to B. go; don’t
C. to go; not to D. to go; don’t
3. Lily likes _____ the clothes of light colour. (1999甘肅)
A. to put on B. putting C. to dress D. wearing
4. It’s too late. Why _____ now? (1999新疆)
A. not to go B. not going C. not go D. don’t go
5. Please don’t forget _____ to me, will you? (1998重慶)
A. to write B. writing C. write
6. When I’m tired, I enjoy _____ music. (1999云南)
A. listening B. listening to C. to hear D. hearing the
7. Linda was very sorry for being late. But the teacher’s smile made her _____ better.
A. feel B. to feel C. fall D. to fall (1998河南)
8. I heard Mother _____ with Father in the next room at ten last night. (1998重慶)
A. talk B. talking C. to talk D. is talking
9. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from _____ the earth away. (1998遼寧)
A. blow B. to blow C. blowing D. blew
10. –Did the teacher tell you _____ this afternoon? (1998河北)
-Yes. We’ll go to visit the Science Museum.
A. to go where B. how to do C. what to do D. to do what
11. We are not sure _____. (1998廣東)
A. when to leave B. when leave C. when leaves
12. Meimei went _____ Kate with her Chinese. (1997天津)
A. help B. to help C. helped D. helping
13. _____ is bad for our health. (1997河南)
A. Doing eye exercises B. Go to bed early
C. Eating too much D. Taking a walk
14. Wu Dong is good at _____ English. (1997吉林)
A. speak B. speaks C. speaking D. spoke
15. The old woman was _____ tired _____ go any farther. (1998四川)
A. too; to B. go; as C. very; to
16. Would you please _____ drop your shoes on the floor at night? (2000福州)
A. not to B. not C. don’t D. won’t
17. Most of the children enjoy _____ computer games. (2000北京海淀區(qū))
A. play B. playing C. played D. to play
18.She should do her homework now. But she doesn’t feel like _____ it.
A. does B. do C. doing D. to do (2000黑龍江)
1. Uncle Wang can make his kite _____ higher in the sky. (2000河南)
A. fly B. flies C. to fly D. flying
2. You’d better _____ the cinema by bus. (2000天津)
A. don’t go B. to go C. to go to D. go to
△ 綜 合 型
1. Her wish is _____ a famous singer.
A. become B. became C. becomes D. to become
2. Our monitor is always ready _____ others.
A. help B. helps C. to help D. helping
3. Have you decided _____ for your holidays?
A. go where B. where to go C. to go where D. where go
4. Would you please _____ me a chair _____?
A. give; to sit on B. give; to sit C. giving; sit D. to give; sit on
5. There id no difference between the two words. I really don’t know _____.
A. what to choose B. which to choose C. to choose which D. to choose what
6. Though he had often made his sister _____, today he was made _____ by his sister.
A. cry; crying B. crying; crying C. cry; to cry D. to cry; cry
7. –Why are you going shopping if you don’t _____?
-My wife wants _____ with her.
A. want to; I go B. want; me going C. want to; me to go D. want; to go
8. We are often told _____ people in trouble.
A. to smiling B. not to smile C. to laugh D. not to laugh at
9. You look so tired. Why not _____ a rest?
A. stop having B. to stop have C. stop to have D. to stop to have
10. What a fine day! How about _____ out for a walk?
A. go B. to go C. gone D. going
11. Mary went _____ after she finished _____ her work.
A. swim; doing B. to swim; to do C. to swim; doing D. swimming; to do
12. Would you mind _____ the window, please? It’s cold outside.
A. to close B. closing C. closed D. close
13. A fridge is used for _____ vegetable and food cool.
A. kept B. keeping C. to keep D. keeps
14. The farmers on the farm are busy _____ apples on the trees.
A. picking B. to pick C. pick D. picked
15. One day when Edison was five years old, his father saw him _____ some eggs.
A. sat B. to sit C. sitting D. was sitting
16. She has no paper _____. (2000重慶)
A. to write B. to write with C. writing on D. to write on
17. When class began, we stopped _____ to the teacher carefully. (2000天津)
A. listening B. listen C. listens D. to listen
18. There are so many kinds of radios in the shop. I can’t decide _____.(2000河北)
A. to buy what B. to buy which C. what to buy D. which to buy
19. (2000安徽)
–Do you often hear John _____ in his room?
-Listen! Now we can hear him _____ in his room.
A. sing; to sing B. singing; singing C. sing; singing D. to sing; singing
20.I usually forget _____ the door, but I remembered _____ it when I left yesterday.
A. closing; closing B. to close; to close C. closing; to close D. to close; closing
21.On June 1, boys and girls are busy _____. (2003汕頭)
A. to celebrate Children’s Day B. to celebrate Childrens’ Day
C. celebrating Children’s Day D. celebrating Childrens’ Day
