 “市長(zhǎng)Nutter的管理值得贊嘆。這個(gè)計(jì)劃基于現(xiàn)實(shí)，雖然規(guī)模很大，但完全可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。它把數(shù) 字落實(shí)，建立了可量化的成本和未來收益的上升趨勢(shì)。該計(jì)劃代表城市的轉(zhuǎn)變，費(fèi)城會(huì)變成利 用綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施最成功最環(huán)保的城市。景觀設(shè)計(jì)師在這里發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用，這激動(dòng)人 心?！? ——2011 ASLA專業(yè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)評(píng)審團(tuán) 費(fèi)城綠色計(jì)劃用創(chuàng)新的方法開發(fā)空間，這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越過往的開發(fā)計(jì)劃。計(jì)劃重點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)于特定的元 素：公園、街道，具體問題（娛樂，交通）。計(jì)劃務(wù)實(shí)的集成了環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)等因素，為 城市帶來最大化效益。 “Mayor Nutter’s administration is to be applauded. This plan is based in reality and even though it’s very large scale, it’s entirely achievable. It puts numbers to things and establishes a strong trend of quantifying the costs and returns. This plan represents a shift from the city saying we’re going to be the greenest city to saying we’re going to be the most successful city by leveraging our green infrastructure. It’s exciting that landscape architects are incredibly useful to these cities and leveraging these things. ” —2011 Professional Awards Jury Project Statement GreenPlan Philadelphia takes an innovative approach to open space planning that goes well beyond that of a typical open space plan. Many open space plans focus on specific elements, such as parks or streets, or on specific issues, such as recreation or circulation. Rather than emphasize one set of networks or issues, GreenPlan Philadelphia integrates a range of environmental, economic, and social factors to make the case for and maximize the benefits of City efforts. 項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容： 費(fèi)城意識(shí)到好的開放空間對(duì)于城市未來是至關(guān)重要的。13個(gè)城市機(jī)構(gòu)連同一個(gè)顧問小組聯(lián)合制 定出讓費(fèi)城成為充滿活力和可持續(xù)性的指導(dǎo)方針。這個(gè)指南有助于用多種方式應(yīng)對(duì)城市面臨的 挑戰(zhàn)，并且已經(jīng)成為其他城市計(jì)劃的重要參考資料：費(fèi)城綠色工程（可持續(xù)性）， green2035（綜合企劃），城市環(huán)保水（雨水管理）。該計(jì)劃也反映了上千參與這個(gè)工程公開 論壇的費(fèi)城人民意見。 綠色元素和場(chǎng)所 綠色的場(chǎng)所是建筑以外所有空間。空間里面的元素有：樹木、雨水管理工具、草地、道路和自 行車道、濕地、都市農(nóng)業(yè)和社區(qū)公園、高性能表面，可再生能源。這些元素本身具有各種益 處，但當(dāng)它們?cè)诰G色場(chǎng)地中集合起來時(shí)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)最大的效益。 綠色場(chǎng)地包括公園和休閑場(chǎng)所、校園、閑置土地、濱水區(qū)、街道、開發(fā)區(qū)、廣場(chǎng)和灰空間、鐵 路和公共事業(yè)廊道。 目標(biāo)和建議 制定了30個(gè)雄心勃勃又能實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)，將私人開發(fā)和公共項(xiàng)目作為空間中的元素難入開放空間 的計(jì)劃中。目標(biāo)：每個(gè)鄰里達(dá)到至少30%的綠化覆蓋率；每 10英畝綠地中按照千人指標(biāo)增加停 車位；綠色校園項(xiàng)目則綠化了100個(gè)操場(chǎng)；建立1400英里的綠色街道網(wǎng)絡(luò)，遍布全市；確保任 何地方的居民里綠網(wǎng)的距離不超過半英里。 機(jī)會(huì) 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，費(fèi)城需要發(fā)展其開放空間網(wǎng)絡(luò)。城市給予大量的機(jī)會(huì)來協(xié)助達(dá)成這個(gè)計(jì)劃。 資金、管理、運(yùn)營(yíng)、維護(hù) 針對(duì)資金、管理、運(yùn)營(yíng)、維護(hù)設(shè)立目標(biāo)。有當(dāng)下馬上可以實(shí)施的，也有未來的后續(xù)開發(fā)建議。 保障網(wǎng)絡(luò) 為了達(dá)到可持續(xù)城市以及進(jìn)步，制定出環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和生活質(zhì)量三個(gè)相互依存的網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)。這個(gè) 系統(tǒng)和大框架相互作用，可以客觀的評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施的優(yōu)先次序，并得到進(jìn)展情況。 環(huán)境 樹木減少空氣中的塵埃并更新空氣讓空氣清新。濕地能夠攔截和管理雨水，減少雨水徑流，降 低地下水道的負(fù)擔(dān)。樹木、草地和濕地又提供鳥類，魚類等各個(gè)生物的棲息地。樹木在夏季為 建筑和人們帶來蔭涼，在冬季又阻擋寒風(fēng)，形成了宜人的微氣候。 經(jīng)濟(jì) 通過蔭蔽建筑物和阻擋寒風(fēng)，綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施減少了電力的耗費(fèi)，促進(jìn)了能源的高效利用。研究 表明，良好的開放空間和樹木附近的房?jī)r(jià)更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。同時(shí)這個(gè)計(jì)劃好發(fā)現(xiàn)城市中相當(dāng)多的控制 土地，如果作為臨時(shí)或者永久的開放空間，能形成更有效率的土地使用率。通過這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供 娛樂和增加財(cái)富。費(fèi)城可以醞釀出具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，成為吸引企業(yè)，居民的首選城市。 生活質(zhì)量 都市農(nóng)業(yè)和社區(qū)公園生產(chǎn)新鮮當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)作物品以替代加工食品和快餐。公園、康樂中心和步道， 都具有步行距離以內(nèi)的便捷可達(dá)性。保證費(fèi)城的居民可以享用到新鮮的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，體會(huì)到良好的 安全社區(qū)，培養(yǎng)他們社區(qū)意識(shí)。 指標(biāo) 提供一個(gè)框架，可以跟蹤并且傳達(dá)進(jìn)程。所有的指標(biāo)都有有效的度量數(shù)據(jù)，以過程可被跟蹤。 比如：將可用于生產(chǎn)的土地從318畝提高至520畝； 將提供新鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)數(shù)量從14家提高 到24家。 項(xiàng)目目標(biāo) 目標(biāo)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)密切相連，這些目標(biāo)成為決策過程中的清單，保證其的最大化收益。比如：健康流 域，一個(gè)雨水管理策略；經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，一個(gè)提高旅游地競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的決策；高可達(dá)性休閑，25%的項(xiàng) 目就位于缺少這些設(shè)施的公園和社區(qū)中。 Project Narrative The City of Philadelphia recognizes that the enhancement of its open space is critical to the city’s future. Thirteen City agencies collaborated with a team of consultants to develop GreenPlan Philadelphia, the city’s guide to achieving vibrant and sustainable urban places. The Plan will contribute to meeting the city’s contemporary challenges in a wide variety of ways and has already served as a major resource for other City plans: Greenworks Philadelphia (sustainability), Green2015 (park implementation), Philadelphia 2035 (comprehensive plan), and Green City, Clean Waters (stormwater management). The Plan reflects the input of thousands of Philadelphians who participated in a range of civic forums. Green Elements and Places The physical foundation of GreenPlan Philadelphia is made up of Green Elements and Places. Green Places are made up of elements that are the buildings blocks of the spaces that surround us outside. Elements of Green Places include trees, stormwater management tools, meadows, trails and bikeways, wetlands, urban agriculture and community gardens, high performance surfaces, and renewable energy. While elements of green places provide a multitude of benefits on their own, the largest set of benefits can be achieved when multiple elements are combined into green places. Green Places include parks and recreation spaces, green schoolyards, vacant land opportunities, waterfronts, green streets, green development, plazas and auxiliary spaces, and rail and utility corridor enhancements. Targets and Recommendations GreenPlan Philadelphia sets over 30 ambitious but attainable targets, with supporting recommendations for incorporating open space planning into the agenda for both private development and public works using the elements and places as an organizational framework. Targets include achieving at least 30% tree cover in every neighborhood; increasing park space to ten acres of parkland per thousand residents; greening 100 additional schoolyards through the Campus Parks program; creating a citywide network for 1,400 miles of green streets; and ensuring that there is a trail within a half mile of all residents. Opportunities In order to reach the plan’s targets and recommendations, Philadelphia will need to grow its open space network. GreenPlan Philadelphia identifies and maps a large number of opportunities to help achieve this. Funding, Management and Operations, and Maintenance GreenPlan Philadelphia also sets broad targets and select recommendations for funding, management, operations, and maintenance of open space. These recommendations are for both immediate use and consideration in the development of subsequent plans that focus in more detail on areas of concern. Network of Benefits The triad of environment, economy, and quality of life is the basis of GreenPlan Philadelphia’s network of benefits, developed specifically for Philadelphia to establish a common language for sustainable open space and to measure the City’s progress toward achieving a greener, more sustainable Philadelphia. By including this network of benefits, GreenPlan Philadelphia provides the City a framework to clearly communicate goals, justify open space spending, objectively evaluate and prioritize open space projects, and report progress. Environment Trees and other vegetation trap carbon dioxide—a major cause of climate change— and airborne particulates, which ensures clean air. Wetlands intercept and manage stormwater from rain events, which reduces the burden on the sewer system, reduces runoff, recharges groundwater, and produces healthy watersheds. At the same time, trees, meadows, and wetlands provide robust habitat that serves as home for a variety of terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic, and avian species. Trees especially help ensure a hospitable climate by shading buildings and people in warm weather and breaking the wind in cold weather. Economy By shading buildings and breaking the wind, green infrastructure can help reduce electricity demand and promote efficient energy use. Local research has shown that proximity to trees and well-maintained open spaces can positively influence housing prices, creating more valuable properties. GreenPlan Philadelphia also recognizes that the city has quite a bit of vacant land, which presents an opportunity to become a more productive land use if used as temporary or permanent open spaces, or if redeveloped. By enhancing its open space network, which provides recreational amenities and leads to more valuable properties, Philadelphia can cultivate a competitive economy and become a city of choice for attracting businesses, residents, and events. Quality of Life Urban agriculture and community gardens make fresh, local produce available, offering an alternative to processed and fast foods. Parks, recreation centers, and trails that are appropriately sized and within walking distance provide convenient recreation access. The availability of places to recreate and exercise and the availability of fresh produce can make sure Philadelphia has healthy residents. Parks, recreation centers, schoolyards, and community gardens that are in good repair all help foster a sense of community, which leads to strong, safe neighborhoods. Indicators The network of benefits provides a framework to track and clearly communicate progress in achieving targets and recommendations. All indicators were selected based on available, measurable data to ensure progress can be tracked. Sample indicators include: for robust habitat, tracking acres of managed meadow from the current 318 acres to the target of 520 acres; for productive land use, tracking percentage of lots and structures not vacant from the current 90% to the target of 95%; and for fresh, local produce, tracking the number of urban agriculture businesses from the current 14 businesses to the target of 24 businesses. Project Objectives Also tied to the network of benefits is a set of objectives that help the City receive the most benefits from its investments. These objectives are organized into a checklist that encourages a strategic and transparent decision-making process in selecting the appropriate opportunities for investment. Sample objectives include determining if: for healthy watersheds, the project improves water quality through managing stormwater with green infrastructure techniques; for competitive economy, the project creates a major tourist destination, enhances the landscape of an existing tourist destination, or enhances tourism routes; and for convenient recreation access, at least 25% of the project site is within an area currently underserved by parks and recreation. All Images ? Wallace Roberts & Todd  一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的構(gòu)想，將費(fèi)城的公園，休閑空間和開放空間做成城市整體空間進(jìn)行構(gòu)想。這是一個(gè) 構(gòu)想而非一個(gè)具體的實(shí)施計(jì)劃。  重新定位開放空間。開放空間包括所有的戶外空間：公共或私人，空閑或活力，幽靜或廣闊。 對(duì)整個(gè)城市進(jìn)行思考，結(jié)合其他產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)行大規(guī)模改造。  公園和娛樂可達(dá)性。90%的居民在距離這些設(shè)施不到半英里，但是因?yàn)榭蛇_(dá)性差，只有58%的居 民享受這些設(shè)施的可達(dá)性。  實(shí)現(xiàn)30%的森林覆蓋率。讓各個(gè)鄰里的森林度概率達(dá)到均衡。綠色代表目前綠化覆蓋率。 效果表：各要素對(duì)環(huán)境，經(jīng)濟(jì)，生活質(zhì)量的影響。他們也形成了費(fèi)城的基礎(chǔ)環(huán)境。這是一個(gè)創(chuàng) 新的考量框架。 豐富吸引人的文案：這是公園和休閑場(chǎng)所的頁(yè)面：地圖上現(xiàn)有設(shè)施，目前的機(jī)會(huì)?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展 的好處，關(guān)鍵元素。公開報(bào)價(jià)，目標(biāo)建議，指標(biāo)，基準(zhǔn)，最佳做法。 確定成本效益：可量化的成本和收益。 衡量進(jìn)程：數(shù)據(jù)可被測(cè)量，然后通過基線條和指標(biāo)反應(yīng)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)程。 評(píng)估機(jī)會(huì)。為了確保空間價(jià)值，會(huì)客觀的評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目?jī)r(jià)值。同時(shí)在基準(zhǔn)之上認(rèn)可社區(qū)差異。滿足 各種情況，實(shí)現(xiàn)更多目標(biāo)。 綠化校園：綠化后的校園非常適宜活動(dòng)。 小街的排水和蔭涼：在小街上，兩側(cè)種樹形成蔭涼，路面的礫石層和過濾渠道到引導(dǎo)水進(jìn)入土 壤，而不是送入下水道系統(tǒng)。 地被。地被比草坪和鋪裝具有更大的生態(tài)效益，其適合粗放管理，并節(jié)約水資源。 清潔和綠化車站：適當(dāng)?shù)恼?，種上綠化，提供無障礙坡道，在屋頂安裝太陽能電池。讓這里 具有吸引力。 利用城市廊道：鐵路旁的大道重新被綠化，一側(cè)的綠化廊道被開發(fā)，并與河流廊道空間相連。 |
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