破解高考英語閱讀理解長難句的方法
高考英語閱讀理解的文章大都選自英語原版材料，文中含有一些長難句，比較難以理解，對做題會有影響。沒關系，看看突破高考英語閱讀長難句的5大招，再瞅瞅歷年高考長難句精析，10分鐘就能教你搞定高考英語中的那些長難句。
英語句子之所以難以理解，有許多原因，其中一個主要原因是句子太長或者句子結構復雜。句子過長或者復雜通常是該句除了主干之外還包含了一些附加部分，如插入語、同位語、分隔現象、各種從句或較長的非謂語動詞短語等等。下面我們來談談幾種英語閱讀長難句的處理方法。
方法1：找謂語，定主語
一般情況下，一個謂語形式的動詞對應其動作的發(fā)出者(主語)，我們可以根據謂語動詞的意義來確定其主語。而且，如果一個句子中出現兩個或兩個以上的謂語形式的動詞，則該句可以是并列句或復合句(并列謂語動詞的情況除外)。如：
People feared that weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations.
【句意】二十一年來，象牙交易一直被明令禁止，人們擔心削弱這一禁令會助長非法捕獵，導致大象數量減少。
【分析】that引導賓語從句，從句中謂語動詞是encourage和hurt，根據邏輯意義，可知encourage和hurt 的主語是動名詞短語weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory。
方法2：提主干，去枝葉(從句、狀語和定語等)
一般情況下，一個句子中的主句所表達的信息為主要信息，從句、狀語和定語等所表達的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來，就不能完全把握句子的核心意義，從而導致思維混亂，主次不分。如：
Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s.
【句意】來自薩塞克斯大學的經濟學家們分析了國家青少年健康縱向研究的研究結果，這項研究是一個歷時15年的課題，它記錄了數千名在美國20世紀90年代中期上中學的一組青少年的財產情況。
【分析】句子主干為Economists analysed findings。from the University of Sussex 作economists的定語；from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 作findings的定語；a 15-year research project作the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health的同位語；charting...作project 的定語；who引導定語從句修飾teenagers。
方法3：尋關聯，辨邏輯
一些長句其實是由若干分句組成的并列句或復合句。而這些并列句或復合句之間需要一些關聯詞來連接。如果我們找準這些關聯詞，就能夠弄清楚句與句之間的邏輯關系，分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義，則長句就容易對付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對英語中的常見的關聯詞諳熟于心。如：
Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect on your self growth as it is a measure of how well you can respect authority and obey requirements.
【句意】你與教授相處是否融洽對你的自身發(fā)展起著重要的作用，因為這是衡量你是否尊重權威和服從要求的標準。
【分析】此句為復合句，句中whether引導主語從句，as 引導原因狀語從句，how well 引導從句作介詞of 的賓語。
方法4：看搭配，防分隔
有時一個長句或難句是由一個或多個搭配構成，而且這些搭配中常常出現分隔現象。讀者若受分隔現象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目，則對句意的理解就會發(fā)生偏差。如：
Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products, to some degree, their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising.
【句意】一些公司把生產的衛(wèi)生的、安全的產品，從某種程度上說，當作他們的賣點，并在廣告中強調這一點。
【分析】其實本句是一個"主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語"句型"make+賓語+賓補"，即"使……成為……"，只不過賓語和賓補被"to some degree"隔開而已。
方法5：關鍵詞，抓線索
有時某些句子句意模糊，讓人理不清頭緒，這時只能依靠關鍵詞來抓，從而在大體上搞清楚句意。
Miss Dermain’s mother looked anxious throughout the wedding and Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted.
【句意】Dermain的媽媽在整個婚禮顯得很焦慮，據說Cordell 的父母的情緒也不是很高漲。
總之，在碰到長句和難句時，要根據實際情況靈活運用上述方法，在平時閱讀過程中要加強對長句和難句的句法分析訓練。有時要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如：
The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions.
【句意】一種文化背景下的人不像另一種文化背景下的人一樣直率地表達他們的情感，這一事實并不意味著他們沒有這些情感。
【分析】本句的主干為The fact does not mean that...，其中，that they do not experience emotions是從句作mean的賓語。that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another為fact的同位語從句，其中as do members of another是狀語從句，助動詞do位于主語members of another 前形成倒裝，主語后省略了express their emotions。
★2016—2013年高考英語真題閱讀理解長難句精析21句
1. 2016·全國卷I·B篇
Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.
【分析】but前面是第一分句，but后面是第二分句。動名詞短語Having your grandchildren far away是第一分句的主語，現在分詞短語especially knowing your adult child is struggling是第一分句中的狀語；動名詞短語giving up the life you know是第二分句的主語，you know是定語從句，修飾先行詞the life。
【譯文】與孩子們距離遠是痛苦的，尤其是知道你的成年子女日子艱難，但是放棄你熟悉的生活可能會更艱難。
2. 2016·全國卷I·C篇
For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.
【分析】For this courier job是介詞短語，在句中作狀語；that in that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life是賓語從句，in that box是賓語從句中的地點狀語，you’ve got something是賓語從句中的主謂賓；that is potentially going to save somebody’s life是定語從句，修飾前面的something。
【譯文】對于這份傳遞員的工作而言，你會自覺地意識到你手中的那個箱子裝著可能挽救某人生命的東西。
3. 2016·全國卷I·D篇
Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.
【分析】when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops是時間狀語從句，what may be implied是主語從句，what在主語從句中作主語，that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing是表語從句，表語從句中含有賓語從句what has been said before continuing，what在賓語從句中作主語。
【譯文】所以當一個來自這些文化之一的人在講話時突然停住了，可能那個人是在繼續(xù)(講話)之前暗示聽眾去思考他之前說了什么。
4. 2016·全國卷II·B篇
His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.
【分析】句中that引導賓語從句，且whose引導定語從句，修飾an unexpected teaching assistant。
【譯文】他的存在意味著我在班級有一位意想不到的教學助手，并且他的創(chuàng)造力會感染其他的學生。
5. 2016·全國卷II·C篇
Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
【分析】句中現在分詞短語hoping that...在句中作狀語，且其中的that引導賓語從句，且從句中的現在分詞短語traveling...在從句中充當狀語，而who引導定語從句，修飾each new reader。
【譯文】然后，這個人把它放在一個公共場所，希望這本書會經歷一次冒險，與發(fā)現它的每一位新讀者到處旅行。
6. 2016·全國卷III·A篇
CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.
【分析】本句為一個含有較長介詞短語的簡單句，including至句末為介詞短語，performances后的"by..."是介詞短語作后置定語，presenting Baroque through modern music為現在分詞短語作名詞的后置定語。
【譯文】CCM組織了多樣的活動，包括知名的LaSalle四重奏樂團和CCM愛樂管弦樂團的演出，還有各種代表巴羅克風格到現代音樂的音樂家團體所進行的演出。
7. 2016·全國卷III·B篇
Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(團聚).
【分析】本句為復合句，逗號前為現在分詞短語作時間狀語，定語從句"that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(團聚)"在句中修飾先行詞the turn of events.
【譯文】在返回市區(qū)賓館的途中，韋爾蒂的大都市的朋友們驚訝于他們活動的轉變，他們的聚會早已由紐約式的宴會變成了密西西比人的地方性團聚。
8. 2016·全國卷III·B篇
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus.
【分析】句中的"Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats"與"Welty’s people"構成同位關系，三個from介詞短語與come連用，表明小說中人物角色來源的多面性。
【譯文】Welty小說中的角色——美容師、酒吧招待、鋼琴演奏者及那些戴著紫色帽子的人——源自于她與老朋友共度的下午，源自于她在土生土長的密西西比州杰克遜城的大街小巷散步的過程中，還源自于她在公交車上無意間聽到的閑談。
9. 2016·全國卷III·C篇
To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.
【分析】本句主干為it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence，句中不定式短語作真正的主語，it為形式主語；該句前面為介詞短語To people，而people后又接了一個定語從句，該句后面為such as短語，用于舉例。
【譯文】對于那些已習慣了選擇超市里有限的蘋果種類如Golden Delicious和Royal Gala的人來說，目睹Decio這種過去由羅馬人種植的傳統蘋果品種如今依然存在可能會令他們大開眼界。
10. 2016·全國卷III·D篇
Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消極的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.
【分析】本句為連詞but連接的兩個并列分句，第一個分句為含有一個賓語從句的復合句，主句的主語是Researchers，其后的現在分詞短語analyzing word-of-mouth communication作定語，謂語是found，后面是that引導的賓語從句；第二個分句也是一個含有賓語從句的復合句。
【譯文】分析口述交際如電子郵件、網帖、評論和面談的研究者發(fā)現，它傾向于更積極而不是消極(的內容)，但這并不一定意味著人們更偏愛積極的消息。
11. 2015·新課標全國卷I·B篇
These were the real deal — and at that moment, I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn’t be experiencing again for months.
【分析】破折號后面的句子對前句進行解釋。破折號后為主從復合句。主句I realized 后跟that引導的賓語從句，在賓語從句中含有that引導的定語從句修飾先行詞things。
【譯文】這些都是貨真價實的瓜果蔬菜——就在那一刻，我意識到，薩拉索塔的冬天最美妙之處在于可以吃到新鮮的瓜果蔬菜，而我一旦回到紐約的家中，連續(xù)幾個月都無法品嘗到這些瓜果蔬菜。
12. 2015·新課標全國卷II·A篇
I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit.
【分析】這是一個主從復合句。連詞because引導原因狀語從句，同時該從句又包含了一個由that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞clothes。
【譯文】我能夠在一年多前買下它(電視機)是因為我讓我的親戚們在我生日時給我錢而不是買大量不合身的衣服。
13. 2015·新課標全國卷II·B篇
Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(難為情) when they’re in poorly lit places — and so more likely to eat lots of food.
【分析】這是一個主從復合句。for為并列連詞，表示原因，when在句中引導時間狀語從句。
【譯文】昏暗的環(huán)境更有可能刺激人們暴飲暴食，因為在這種光線暗淡的地方人們往往會不那么難為情，所以就更有可能吃大量的食物。
14. 2015·新課標全國卷II·C篇
The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源) with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.
【分析】主語是The gap-year phenomenon，謂語是originated，后面是介詞短語作狀語。
【譯文】間隔年現象起源于牛橋申請者在十一月入學考試和下一個學年開始前的這幾個月。
15. 2015·新課標全國卷II·D篇
Visit the palace and its various historic gardens, which include the famous maze(迷宮) where it is easy to get lost!
【分析】這是一個主從復合句。定語從句which include the famous maze修飾先行詞historic gardens，定語從句where it is easy to get lost修飾先行詞maze。
【譯文】(你可以)參觀宮殿和各種(皇家)歷史花園，花園中有著名的迷宮，在那里(游客)容易迷失方向！
16. 2014·新課標全國卷II·A篇
He reported the case to the police and then sat there, lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.
【分析】這是一個主從復合句。lost and lonely in a strange city做伴隨狀語；thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country是現在分詞做伴隨狀語；while trying to settle down in a new one是狀語從句的省略。
【譯文】他向警方報案，然后坐在那里，很失落，在陌生的城市也很孤單，想想從一個遙遠的國家把那么多文件重新整理一遍會有多大麻煩，而自己還要試圖在一個新的國度安家。
17. 2014·新課標全國卷II·B篇
We didn’t know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it," says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.
【分析】這是直接引語。引語部分含有主從復合句，there even was an environment是賓語從句，let alone that there was a problem with it是平行結構。
【譯文】美國地球日主席Bruce Anderson說，“那時候我們根本就不知道環(huán)境，更不用說知道環(huán)境有問題了?！?/font>
18. 2014·新課標全國卷II·C篇
The popularity of au pairs from China has been strengthened by the increasing numbers of American parents who want their children to learn Chinese.
【分析】這是一個主從復合句，who引導定語從句修飾先行詞parent。
【譯文】隨著越來越多的美國父母希望自己的孩子學習漢語，來自中國的互惠生受歡迎這一趨勢一直在加強。
19 2013·新課標全國卷Ⅱ·B篇
Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University, and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.
【分析】本句很長，卻是一個簡單句，句子主干是：groups of students were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre。
【譯文】不久，一批批的學生，首先是來自愛丁堡大學的學生，接著便是牛津、劍橋、達勒姆和伯明翰的大學的學生，每年夏天來到蘇格蘭首府，在小教堂中為愛丁堡人表演一些不太為人所知的作家的戲劇。
20. 2013·新課標全國卷Ⅱ·C篇
Given that many people’s moods (情緒)are regulated by the chemical action of chocolate, it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop similar to a drugstore of Chinese medicine.
【分析】given是介詞，意為"鑒于，考慮到"，Given that...作狀語。主句是it was probably only a matter of time，意為"……可能只是個時間問題"。
【譯文】鑒于許多人的情緒受巧克力化學作用的控制，或許使巧克力店像中藥店一樣（人們能購買巧克力治?。┲皇莻€時間問題。
21. 2013·新課標全國卷Ⅱ·D篇
Some gift companies such as Presents for Purpose allow you to pay it forward this Mother’s Day by picking gifts in which 10 percent of the price you pay goes to a charity (慈善機構).
【分析】本句的基本結構是：Some gift companies allow you to pay it forward this Mother’s Day。句中的"in which 10 percent of the price you pay goes to a charity"是一個定語從句，修飾先行詞gifts。
【譯文】一些禮品公司，如Presents for Purpose允許你在今年母親節(jié)前預付款，你所挑選的禮品，其價格的10%將捐給慈善機構。（中學生學習）
