高考英語(yǔ)短文改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)詳解
一.考試題型
短文改錯(cuò)(共10小題;每小題1.5分,滿(mǎn)分15分)
假定英語(yǔ)課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文,請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫(xiě)的以下作文。文中共有10處語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤,每句中最多有兩處。錯(cuò)誤涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。
增加:在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏詞符號(hào)∧,并在其下面寫(xiě)出該加的詞。
刪除:把多余的詞用斜線(xiàn)﹨劃掉。
修改:在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線(xiàn) ,并在該詞下面寫(xiě)出修改后的詞。
注意:1.每處錯(cuò)誤及修改均僅限一詞;2.只允許修改10處,多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。
二.考點(diǎn)分布: 1. 語(yǔ)法上,主要考查:動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法等。名詞、代詞的數(shù)、格。形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí),最高級(jí)。主謂一致及特殊句型(虛擬、強(qiáng)調(diào)、倒裝、省略、獨(dú)立主格等)。數(shù)詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞、從句引導(dǎo)詞的使用等。2. 行文邏輯上,主要涉及:人物的性別及與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的物主代詞、句義的并列與轉(zhuǎn)折、時(shí)間的順序、數(shù)量的增減以及因果關(guān)系等。
三.考點(diǎn)突破:
(一)多詞考點(diǎn)總結(jié) 多詞錯(cuò)誤主要涉及英語(yǔ)中一些小詞,如冠詞、介詞、不定式符號(hào)、人稱(chēng)代詞、動(dòng)詞 be、比較級(jí)more等。具體說(shuō)來(lái),多詞錯(cuò)誤可能涉及的問(wèn)題有:及物動(dòng)詞后接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)誤加介詞,在該用動(dòng)詞原形的地方誤加不定式符號(hào)to,在物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞等表示泛指時(shí)誤加定冠詞,在一些可直接用作狀語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)前誤加介詞in, on, for 等,誤加一些導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)義重復(fù)的小詞(如two 與both連用,all 與whole 連用等),在本身已是比較級(jí)的詞前誤加more,在不是從句的地方誤加從句“引導(dǎo)詞”,在一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和固定表達(dá)中誤加不該用的小詞(如冠詞、介詞、副詞等)。 1. 多一介詞或副詞 ① 有些動(dòng)詞在漢語(yǔ)中是不及物動(dòng)詞,在英語(yǔ)中是及物動(dòng)詞,可能多一個(gè)介詞。如:serve for the people, follow after him, marry with her ② 有些動(dòng)詞可作及物動(dòng)詞,也可作不及物動(dòng)詞,但搭配不同,可能混淆而多一個(gè)介詞。如:join in the game, 但 join in the club; pay for a TV set, 但 pay for three dollars; search for the map, 但 search for the thief for his watch ③ 有些“動(dòng)詞 + 介詞”形式的動(dòng)詞后面沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)時(shí),后面的介詞是多余的。如:He looked at but could see nothing. ④ 有些動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞后接名詞或代詞時(shí)須加一個(gè)介詞,但接that從句時(shí),必須去掉介詞。如:agree to it, 但 agree to that...; be sure of it, 但be sure of that…; be sorry for it, 但 be sorry for that… ⑤ 有些副詞或介詞詞組后加一個(gè)介詞,組成了復(fù)合介詞,若后面沒(méi)有接賓語(yǔ)時(shí),最后的介詞則多余。如:If you won’t go, I’ll go instead of. ⑥ 有些連詞后加 of 成為復(fù)合介詞,如果后接從句,of 是多余的。如:Because of he was ill… ⑦ 地點(diǎn)副詞的意義中已經(jīng)包含了介詞 to,如果再用 to則是多余的。如:on my way to there, get to home, go to upstairs, return to home ⑧ last year, next month, this week, one day等名詞詞組直接充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),前面用介詞多余。 ⑨ 有些動(dòng)詞受漢語(yǔ)意思影響而多一副詞,如:stop down(停下來(lái)), raise up (舉起來(lái)), return back(歸來(lái),回來(lái)), repeat again (復(fù)述), set down(落下) ⑩ 有些動(dòng)詞在一種用法中要加副詞,而在另一種用法中加副詞則是多余的。如:build up our country, 但 build up railways 2. 多一連詞 ① 狀語(yǔ)從句與主句之間多一并列連詞,如:though/although… but; because/since/now that … so; the more … and the more ② 充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)的分詞與主句之間多一并列連詞。如:Sitting down and he began to work. ③ 從屬連詞后多一 that。如:because that…, since that…, unless that… ④ 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)前多一 that。如: I found that her lying on the ground. 3. 多一代詞 ① 主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間多一關(guān)系代詞。如:Some people don’t like football, but many people who do like it. ② 作定語(yǔ)的分詞前多一關(guān)系代詞。如: The man who invited to the ball last night is my friend. ③ 定語(yǔ)從句中多一名詞或代詞。如:I have seen the girl you are talking of her. ④ 用不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),如果其邏輯賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)就是被修飾的名詞(詞組),后面再用代詞是多余的。如:The tea is too hot to drink it. He is a good partner to work with him. ⑤ 在“形容詞 + 不定式”句型中,如果不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ),再用代詞作賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)則是多余的。如:This question is too difficult to answer it. The house is nice to live in it. ⑥ 在“從屬連詞+主語(yǔ)+ be +分詞 / 名詞 / 形容詞 / 副詞 / 介詞詞組”結(jié)構(gòu)中,主句和從句的主語(yǔ)一致或從句主語(yǔ)是it時(shí),如果從句中沒(méi)有be,則從句主語(yǔ)是多余的。 如:He took notes while he reading. You’d better keep silent unless you asked. I shall pay a visit to him tomorrow if it necessary. 4. 多一助動(dòng)詞 ① 時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí),用 will, would 是多余的。如:If he will try his best to do the work, he will make it. ② make sure + that 從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái),用 will是多余的。 如:I make sure that they will come early. ③ 在名詞性從句中主語(yǔ)前的助動(dòng)詞是多余的。 如:Would you tell me what do you want? I have no idea how often do they go home. ④ 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的 be(助動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞)是多余的。如:The game was over, he went home. The weather is fine, we will go camping tomorrow. 5. 多一冠詞 ① 與介詞 at, in, to連用的名詞 school, class, town, hospital, church, prison, office, bed 等表示與其有關(guān)的活動(dòng)時(shí),用冠詞是多余的。如:go to the school(上學(xué)), be in the prison(坐牢), go to the bed(睡覺(jué)), be at the table(吃飯), in the office(辦公) ②與by或on 連用的交通工具名稱(chēng)和 air, land, sea, water等名詞前用冠詞是多余的。 如:by the bike, by the sea, by the train, on the foot, on the horse ③ 表示球棋類(lèi)活動(dòng)而不是表示樂(lè)器, 工具的名詞前不用冠詞。如:play the volleyball, play the chess, play the pingpong, play the bowling, play the baseball ④ 由“專(zhuān)有名詞 + 普通名詞”構(gòu)成的專(zhuān)有名詞前不用定冠詞。如:the Beijing Airport, the Oxford Street, the Hyde Park, the Tian’anmen Square ⑤ 在一些固定搭配中。如:at the last, the most of us, in the fact, catch the sight of, lose the heart ⑥ most 作“非常”解時(shí),前面用 the 是多余的。如:Mary is my classmate and she is the most kind. ⑦ 含有Day的節(jié)日前加the是多余的。如:the May Day, the Women’s Day, the National day, the New Year’s Day, the Fathers’ Day, the Children’s Day ⑧ 在“名詞 + as / though…”結(jié)構(gòu)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,名詞前不用冠詞。如:According to me, a child as she is, she is better at cooking than his parents. 6. 多一小品詞 to ① 在 had better, would rather, rather than 后的不定式前用 to 是多余的。如:You had better not to go. I would rather to stay at home. ② 在feel, hear, listen to, make, let, have, see, watch, notice, observe 等使役、感官動(dòng)詞后,不定式作賓補(bǔ)to 是多余的。如:He made me to do heavy work. (二) 缺詞考點(diǎn) 1. 缺一介詞 ① 有些動(dòng)詞后有時(shí)有介詞,有時(shí)沒(méi)有介詞,可能混淆而缺一介詞。如:attend a meeting, 但 attend ∧the patient; prepare breakfast, 但 prepare ∧the coming exam; join us, 但 join ∧a game. ② 表語(yǔ)形容詞通常具有動(dòng)詞意義,很可能誤以為是動(dòng)詞而漏掉介詞。如:be afraid ∧nothing, be present ∧the meeting, be sure ∧it。 ③ except, instead of, from, since, till, until 后面可跟另一介詞詞組充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ),可能會(huì)漏掉第二 個(gè)介詞。如:He came on foot instead of ∧bike. A big bear ran out from ∧a tree. ④ hundreds, thousands 等后面可能漏掉 of。類(lèi)似的還有millions ∧, dozens ∧, scores ∧ 2. 缺一連詞 ① 漢語(yǔ)常用意合法,分句與分句之間往往不用連詞,但英語(yǔ)里不行。如:It began to rain, ∧they had to stop the match. He looked for the key in the bedroom, ∧didn’t find it. ② 受漢語(yǔ)影響,并列動(dòng)詞詞組之間可能缺一個(gè)and。如:She smiled ∧said good-bye to her father. ③ 名詞性從句 that分句置于句首或作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)不可缺少連詞。如:In fact, ∧the earth is round is known to us all. We heard the news ∧our team had won. ④ even, as 后可能缺少 if 或 though。如:He walks in a funny way as ∧he were drunk. 3. 缺一代詞 ① 充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞不能缺少。如:The accident ∧happened yesterday was very serious. ② 英語(yǔ)中用來(lái)替代前面的“the + 名詞”的 that和 those,往往漏掉。如:The population of China is much larger than ∧of Japan. These shirts are expensive, but ∧which we saw the other day were much more expensive. 4. 缺一助動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞 be ① 表語(yǔ)可能缺少連系動(dòng)詞 be,因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)在這種情況下有時(shí)不用“是”。如:He ∧afraid of his father. ② 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中缺少助動(dòng)詞 be,成了主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:He has ∧asked to tell the story in English. ③ 完成體中缺少助動(dòng)詞 have/had,成了一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:He realized that he ∧lost his mobile phone. They ∧lived in the apartment since 1980. ④ 在倒裝句中缺少助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如:Hardly ∧I reached the bus stop when the bus started. Seldom ∧I go out at night alone. Only in this way ∧ you learn English well. 5. 缺一冠詞 ① 在 such 或 so + 形容詞與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用時(shí),不可缺 a (an)。如:He is such ∧honest boy that all of us like him. This is so good ∧book that I read it again. ② 表示“有些”時(shí),little, few前不可缺少a。如:Don’t hurry. There is ∧little time left. ③ many 前有 great, good 時(shí),要加 a。如:a great many people.若 many 后接單數(shù)名詞,中間須有 a (an)。如:Many ∧man has tried it before. ④ 一些不可數(shù)名詞前,有形容詞修飾表示“一種(場(chǎng),起,份)等”時(shí),要加 a (an)。如: There was ∧heavy rain last night. ⑤ 用專(zhuān)有名詞表示“一個(gè)像(叫)……的人”時(shí),用 a (an), 如:He wished to be ∧Lei Feng. ∧Mr. Wang called you just now. ⑥“形容詞比較級(jí) + of the two…”前必須用 the。如:He is ∧better one of the two. 6. 缺小品詞 to ① 不定式充當(dāng)各種成分,一般都不能缺少 to。如:She went there ∧see her mother. He asked me not ∧go there. I have something important ∧tell you. ② make, let, have, see, hear, notice, observe, watch 等動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式前的 to還原。如:She was made ∧do heavy work. The blind man was seen ∧cross the street.
(三)錯(cuò)詞考點(diǎn)
1. 動(dòng)詞 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的協(xié)調(diào)一致, 語(yǔ)態(tài)誤用,主謂一致,動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)搭配錯(cuò)誤,同義詞反義詞誤用,虛擬語(yǔ)氣(如接賓語(yǔ)從句需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)等。 2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 不定式,動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)、作賓語(yǔ),現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞的誤用,非謂語(yǔ)的否定、完成、被動(dòng),并列連詞前后的一致等。 3. 名詞 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化,可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞混用等。如在several, a number of,various,different,a few,one of之后,常用復(fù)數(shù),在every,more than one,many a與each之后常用單數(shù)。 4. 形容詞和副詞 包括形容詞和副詞詞形變化,形容詞和副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)之間的混用。如exciting與excited,hard與hardly,possible與possibly,here與there,high與 highly, close 與closely,wide與widely,deep 與deeply等。 5. 冠詞 a/an/the的選用和固定搭配。 如: an hour, a university, a European, an honor 6. 代詞 包括代詞指代的性、數(shù)一致,物主代詞誤用,代詞的主賓格混用,單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)用,反身代詞誤用,it 與指示代詞混用,不定代詞混用,以及關(guān)系代詞誤用等。如you與your,it’s與its,it與they或them,one與ones,my與mime,she與her。 7. 介詞 弄清常用介詞的搭配。如in 與on,to與for,with與by,instead與instead of,because與because of,leave與leave for,search與search for。 8. 并列連詞 考題中常有意把and,but,or,so等詞混用,出現(xiàn)邏輯錯(cuò)誤; 并列連詞如:and, or, but, not only…but also…, either…or…, neither…nor…等應(yīng)連接平行結(jié)構(gòu), 在詞性、時(shí)態(tài)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等形式上要求前后一致(特別是并列結(jié)構(gòu)相距較遠(yuǎn)時(shí))。 9. 從句 錯(cuò)誤主要出現(xiàn)在從句的引導(dǎo)詞上,如關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的誤用,或者受“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)思維的影響而多加了不必要的介詞。 10. 邏輯錯(cuò)誤 如果句子的詞法句法均沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤,可通過(guò)邏輯推理去尋找。尋找邏輯錯(cuò)誤應(yīng)從整個(gè)篇章的寫(xiě)作結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯去考慮不符合文意的詞語(yǔ)。 11. 詞義辨析錯(cuò)誤 一些常用詞,如what與how,except與besides,all與both,any與some, few與little,borrow與lend,neither與either等。 12. 固定搭配和習(xí)慣用法
如:1). It is time that sb. did sth. (或 should do)
2). It is + 形容詞 +of / for + sb. + to do sth.
3). It be the first time that從句
4). It is no + use/good + doing sth. 5). It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that/who + …
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