語法專項突破
專題二 名詞
名詞是表示人或事物名稱的詞,它分為普通名詞和專有名詞兩大類。普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,可數(shù)名詞包括個體名詞和集體名詞,有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分;不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
類別 | 意義 | 例詞 | ||
專有名詞 | 表示人、地方、事物、機構(gòu)、組織等名稱的詞 | Ann,Japan,the Great Wall,Hang Zhou | ||
普通名詞[來源:學(xué)科網(wǎng)ZXXK] | 可數(shù)名詞[來源:學(xué)|科|網(wǎng)Z|X|X|K] | 個體名詞 | 表示個體的人或事物的詞[來源:學(xué)科網(wǎng)ZXXK] | pen,desk,table,bike,plane[來源:學(xué)+科+網(wǎng)][來源:學(xué)科網(wǎng)ZXXK] |
集體名詞 | 表示一群人或一些事物的詞 | family,class,police,team,group | ||
不可數(shù)名詞 | 物質(zhì)名詞 | 表示構(gòu)成各種物體的物質(zhì)或材料的詞 | glass,water,air,paper,wood | |
抽象名詞 | 表示狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、行為、感情等抽象概念的詞 | danger,health,love,success,interest |
1.可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
(1
構(gòu)成方式 | 例詞 |
一般在詞尾加s | book—books pen—pens |
以s,x,sh,ch結(jié)尾的加es | box—boxes watch—watches |
以y結(jié)尾的詞 ①以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞,把y變成i,再 ②以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞直接加s | story—stories factory—factories boy—boys key—keys |
以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞,把f或fe改為v,再加es(scarf的復(fù)數(shù)為scarfs或scarves;giraffe的復(fù)數(shù)為giraffes;roof的復(fù)數(shù)為roofs) | knife—knives life—lives wife— |
以o結(jié)尾的詞 ①potato,tomato,hero等有生命的加es ②zoo,radio,photo,piano等無生命的加s | potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes zoo—zoos photo—photos radio—radios |
(2)可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
①oo變?yōu)?/font>ee,如:foot→feet,tooth→teeth,goose→geese,但注意boot的復(fù)數(shù)是boots。
②a變?yōu)?/font>e,如:man→men,woman→women,policeman→policemen,postman→postmen,Englishman→Englishmen,但注意German的復(fù)數(shù)是Germans。
③有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同,如:sheep→sheep,deer→deer,fish→fish,Chinese→Chinese,Japanese→Japanese,means→means
④部分名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式無規(guī)律可循,需個別記憶,如:child→children,mouse→mice
⑤有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:clothes(衣服),trousers(褲子),glasses(眼鏡),shorts(短褲),jeans(牛仔褲),thanks(感謝)
2.不可
不可數(shù)名詞計量時,用“基數(shù)詞/不定冠詞+表數(shù)量的名詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞”表示,數(shù)詞決定表示數(shù)量的名詞的單/復(fù)數(shù)形式。
a bottle of water 一瓶水 a cup of tea 一杯茶
a piece of news一則新聞 two bowls of rice兩碗飯
two pairs of glasses兩副眼鏡
three pieces of advice三條建議
名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方式有以下三種:'s形式的所有格、of短語構(gòu)成的所有格和雙重所有格。
1.'s形式的所有格
類別 | 構(gòu)成方法 | 舉例 |
有生命的單數(shù)名詞 | 加's | my son's pen |
有生命的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 | 以s結(jié)尾加' | the teachers' office |
不以s結(jié)尾加's | the children's homework | |
表示時間、距離、國家等的名詞 | 單數(shù)加's | an hour's walk |
復(fù)數(shù)加' | ten days' holiday | |
表示幾個人共同擁有 | 在最后一個名詞后加's | Mike and John's desk |
表示每個人各自擁有 | 在每個名詞后加's | Mike's and John's desks |
2.of短語構(gòu)成的所有格
(1)沒有生命的名詞一般用of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。
This is a map of China.這是一幅中國地圖。
(2)當有生命的名詞的定語較長時,也可以用of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。
The movie of the old kind woman is moving.
這位善良的老婦人的電影很感人。
3.雙重所有格
表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞(a,an)、數(shù)詞(one,two...)、非確定特指的限定詞(some,any,a few...)、物主代詞(my,your...)或指示限定詞(this,that,these,those)時,常用“of+所有格/名詞性物主代詞”的形式,即雙重所有格來表示所有關(guān)系。
Bob is a friend of Tom's.鮑勃是湯姆的一位朋友。
1.作主語
名詞在句中能作多種成分,作主語是其最常見的用法之一。
The sun is rising.太陽正在升起。
2.作賓語
名詞在句中常用作動詞或介詞的賓語。
I bought a toy car for my son last week.
上周我給兒子買了個玩具汽車。
You have to deal
你必須自己處理這個問題。
3.作表語
Lucy is my cousin.露西是我的表妹。
4.作賓語補足語
We chose Jack our monitor.
我們選杰克當我們的班長。
5.作定語
(1)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)形式。
There is an apple tree in our yar
在我們家院子里有一棵蘋果樹。
(2)man,woman用于名詞前作定語,表示性別時,其形式與所修飾的名詞一致,即man,woman后用單數(shù)名詞,men,women后用復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
They are all men teachers.他們都是男教師。
A woman doctor is sitting in the room.
(3)個別名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式作定語。
Our sports meeting wa
因為大雨我們的運動會被推遲了。
1.(2012湖南懷化中考,24)—What would you like,Helen?
—I'd like some______.
A.eggs B.beefs C.banana
2.(2012湖南株洲中考,22)Bananas,apples and oranges are all ______.
A.fruits B.vegetables C.drinks
3.(2012湖南岳陽中考,21)Jeremy Lin is the first ChineseAmerican basketball ______ in the NBA.He is a little different from Yao Ming.
A.dancer B.player C.watcher
4.(2012貴州遵義中考,27)All the ______ in our school enjoyed themselves on March 8th because it was their own holiday.
A.men teachers B.women teachers C.woman teacher
5.(2012湖北恩施中考,21)—How far is it from your home to school?
—It's about twenty ______ walk.
A.minute's B.minutes' C.minutes
6.(2012四川涼山中考,23)—I feel very thirsty and hungry after a long walk.
—Would you like some ______ and ______?
A.apple juice;sandwich B.apples juice;sandwiches C.apple juice;sandwiches
7.(2012四川自貢中考,35)—What's your favorite______?
—Summer.Because I can swim in rivers.
A.season B.subject C.music
8.(2012四川廣安中考,24)—Miss Li,could you give me ______on English learning?
—Certainly.First you should speak English every day.
A.any advices B.many advices C.some advice
9.Mr Jackson keeps lots of ______on his farm.
A.sheep B.chicken C.pig
10.Mr White has a beautiful garden with many ______ in it.
A.
11.Could you take ______ for these ______?They are very beautiful.
A.any photos;tomatoes B.some photos;tomatoes C.some photos;tomatos
12.Mr Black gave us ______ on how to learn English well.
A.an advice B.many advices C.some advice
13.We need to come up with a/an ______ and make a decision at once.
A.information B.advice C.idea
14.I'm hungry.Can you give me ______?
A.some slice of bread B.some slices of bread C.some breads
15.It's ______ train ride from here to that city.
A.8 hour B.8 hours C.8 hours'
16.Today is September 10th.It's ______ Day.
A.Teachers B.Teachers' C.the Teachers'
17.This is not my dictionary.It's ______.She lent it to me this mornin
A.my sister B.my sisters C.my sister's
18.The teacher and writer ______ coming to ______ house.
A.are;Kate and Mary's B.were;Kate's and Mary C.is;Kate and Mary's
19.There are two ______ in the city.
A.car's factory B.car's factories C.car factories
20.______ the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are ______ teacher
A.A number of;women B.A number of;woman C
參考答案
專題二 名詞
專題提升演練
1.A some后跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。egg與banana是可數(shù)名詞,而beef是不可數(shù)名詞。故選A項。
2.A 由常識可知香蕉、蘋果和橘子都屬于水果,故選A項。
3.B 由常識可知林書豪是籃球運動員,故選B項。
4.B man和woman作定語時與被修飾的名詞保持形式一致,再由3月8日是婦女節(jié)可知答案為B項。
5.B 以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格加“'”,故選B項。
6.C 除了man,woman,sports和clothes之外的名詞作定語一般用單數(shù),sandwich的復(fù)數(shù)為sandwiches,故選C項。
7.A summer“夏天”,是一個季節(jié),可知對方詢問的是最喜歡的季節(jié),因此答案為A項。
8.C advice是不可數(shù)名詞,故選C項。
9.A lots of其后跟可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞,chicken作“小雞”講,復(fù)數(shù)為chickens,pig復(fù)數(shù)為pigs,sheep的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致,故選A項。
10.A many后用可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,花園中應(yīng)該有很多花,而不是村莊。
11.B tomato的復(fù)數(shù)形式是tomatoes;some用于疑問句中,表示希望對方給予肯定答復(fù)。
12.C advice是不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,也不能用an/many修飾。
13.C idea是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),可與不定冠詞an連用,其余兩個是不可數(shù)名詞,不與a/an連用。
14.B bread是不可數(shù)名詞,不能加s;slice是可數(shù)名詞,some后用其復(fù)數(shù)形式slices。
15.C “八小時”hour要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,其所有格形式是在s后加“'”。
16.B 以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格是在s后加“'”,教師節(jié)Teachers' Day。
17.C “它是我姐姐的(詞典)”,用名詞所有格形式。
18.C the teacher and writer“那位教師兼作家”是指一個人,后用is;Kate和Mary共有的家只在后一個詞Mary后加's,故選C項。
19.C 名詞作定語修飾另一個名詞一般用單數(shù)形式,“兩家汽車廠”two car factories。
20.C 由句中的is可知第