根據(jù)句意及首字母填詞看似簡(jiǎn)單, 但要準(zhǔn)確填寫還真不是很容易的事. 首先要聯(lián)系前后句意考慮該填什么意思的詞, 還要注意該填這個(gè)詞的什么形式. 做這類題, 可以從以下角度來(lái)考慮:
一、認(rèn)真審題，根據(jù)全文及句子意思，確定空白處應(yīng)填一個(gè)什么意思的詞. 例如:
(1) He is my father, but I’m not his son. I’m his d____________.
分析: 這題所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容是跟家庭成員的名稱有關(guān), 根據(jù)句意填daughter.
二、認(rèn)真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)確定所填詞的詞性。例如：
(2) Guangzhou is in the n__________________ of China.
(3) Guangzhou is in the n________________ part of China.
分析: 第(2)題前有冠詞, 后面有一個(gè)of短語(yǔ), 因此要填名詞形式south; 而第(3)題所填詞的后面有一個(gè)名詞,所以這里要填一個(gè)形容詞southern來(lái)修飾它)
三、根據(jù)句子意思和句子結(jié)構(gòu)，確定所填詞的正確形式。
1. 名詞. 主要是名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)以及名詞所有格形式. 如:
(4) If you want to get thinner, you should take more e_______________.
(5) Doing eye e___________________ is good for your eyes.
(6) You can get a lot of i__________ about the place where you want to go.
(7) March 8th is w_____________________ Day.
分析: 第(4)中, 是短語(yǔ)take exercise, 這里exercise作 “鍛煉” 講, 是不可數(shù)名詞; 在第(5)題中, eye exercises 是 “眼保健操”的意思, 是可數(shù)名詞, 要用復(fù)數(shù); 第(6)題中, information 是一個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞, 不可加-s; 第(7)題中, 指的是婦女節(jié), 形式上要用復(fù)數(shù), 再加所有格, 即women’s.
2. 動(dòng)詞. 注意動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式及過(guò)去分詞(在完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中), 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式(動(dòng)名詞或進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式),以及當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)第三人稱時(shí)后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式. 如:
(8) If you work hard, you’ll c____________ up with others.
(9) She often s________________ a lot of time on English.
(10) It’s cold. Would you mind c_______________ the window?
(11) Li Lei p_______________maths to English last term.
(12) The 2008 Olympic Games will be h___________ in Beijing.
分析: (8)中, 是短語(yǔ)catch up with; (9)中, 也是短語(yǔ)spend+time+on sth.的形式, 但主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)第三人稱形式, 所以要填spends; (10)中, mind 后面的形式是加動(dòng)詞的-ing形式, 所以填closing; (11)中, 也是一個(gè)短語(yǔ), 后面的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是過(guò)去的時(shí)間, 所以填preferred; (12)中, 意思應(yīng)該是 “舉行”, 但是它是一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 所以要填held.
3. 形容詞、副詞. 特別注意表示頻率的副詞; 形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)形式. 如:
(13) I go to the library t___________ a week --on Saturday afternoon and Sunday morning.
(14) The sun is f________________away from the earth than the moon.
(15) Which do you like b_________________, tea, orange or water?
分析: (13)題中, 后面的提示是指的兩次, 所以填twice; (14)題中, 有個(gè)than, 表示比較, 要填farther; (15)題中, 后面提到的有三種東西, 所以要用最高級(jí)best.
4. 代詞. 注意人稱代詞的主格與賓格形式;形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞形式;反身代詞的使用. 如:
(16) A: Your English is very good. How did you learn it? B: I taught m____________.
(17) Kate is a friend of m__________________. We have been friends for several years.
分析: (16)題中, 是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)teach oneself, 所以應(yīng)該填myself; (17)題中, 是用的一個(gè)雙重所有格形式, 應(yīng)該填名詞性物主代詞mine.
5. 數(shù)詞. 注意基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞的用法, 尤其是序數(shù)詞中的一些特殊形式.
(18) Thursday is the f_______________ day of a week.
(19) There are t___________________ months in a year.
分析: (18)題, 填的詞前有冠詞, 后面的內(nèi)容根據(jù)常識(shí)該填序數(shù)詞fifth; (19)題中, 填基數(shù)詞twelve.
6. 一些常見的介詞、連詞：
(20) There is a high way b___________________ the two cities.
(21) He provided me w__________ some information about the movie.
(22) He didn’t go to bed u_________ he finished his homework last night.
分析: (20)題中, 是指兩座城市 “之間”, 所以填between; (21)題中, 是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)provide sb with sth, “提供給某人某事”, 該填with; (22)題中, 是短語(yǔ)not…until “直到…才…” 所以要填until.
四、了解英美國(guó)家的一些生活習(xí)慣和風(fēng)土人情，使所填寫的單詞符合英美的文化習(xí)慣。 (23) In England, you have to drive on the l____________.
(24) When English people meet each other, they often talk about the w______________.
分析: (23)題中, 要填的是表示方位的詞, 在英國(guó), 人們是左行的, 所以該填left; (24)題中, 指的是平時(shí)最常談?wù)摰脑掝}, 在英國(guó)人們平時(shí)多談?wù)撎鞖? 所以要填weather.
五、增大英語(yǔ)閱讀量，擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面，了解必要的天文地理方面的知識(shí)。例如：
(25) It’s spring in China now, but it’s a________________ in Australia.
(26) Hainan Island is the s______________ largest island of China.
分析: 中國(guó)處于北半球,而澳大利亞處于南半球, 兩處的季節(jié)正相反, 所以在中國(guó)是春季的時(shí)候, 澳大利亞正處于秋季, 所以(25)題要填autumn; (26)題中, 海南島是中國(guó)第二大島, 所以填序數(shù)詞second.
六、要注意一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和固定搭配的用法。
(27) He is a good boy. I’d like to make f____________ with him.
(28) In Hainan Island it’s warm all the year r_______________.
(29) Before handing in your exam paper, you’d better make s___________ there are no mistakes.
(30) It’s b__________ to travel by train. You can enjoy the beautiful scenery all the way.
分析: (27)題中, 是短語(yǔ)make friends, “交朋友”, 注意friends是復(fù)數(shù)形式; (28)題中, 是短語(yǔ)all the year round, “全年” “;一年到頭”之意; (29)題中, 是短語(yǔ)make sure “確信” “確定”之意; (30)題中, 指的是交通方式的選擇, It’s best to… 意思是 “最好……”
另外, 即使是同樣的內(nèi)容, 題目改變一下, 所填的詞也有區(qū)別. 如:
(31) February has the f__________ days of all the months in a year.
(32) February is the s__________ month of a year.分析: 這兩題根據(jù)意思都要填最高級(jí), (31)題中, 指的是天數(shù), 得用 “多少”來(lái)說(shuō), 所以填fewest; (32)中, 月份只能用 “長(zhǎng)短” 來(lái)說(shuō), 所以填shortest.
(
代詞
在英語(yǔ)中代詞可分為人稱代詞, 物主代詞, 反身代詞,指示代詞, 疑問(wèn)代詞和不定代詞等. 在全國(guó)各地每年中考中, 對(duì)代詞的考查除人稱代詞外, 主要考查物主代詞, 疑問(wèn)代詞和不定代詞的用法. 但是在復(fù)習(xí)代詞時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意人稱代詞的主格, 賓格, 物主代詞中名詞性物主代詞, 形容詞性物主代詞的用法和區(qū)別等.
一. 分類 我們通常用到以下幾個(gè)種類的代詞.
種類
單數(shù)
復(fù)數(shù)
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
第一人稱
第二人稱
第三人稱
人稱代詞
主格
I
you
he, she, it
we
you
they
賓格
me
you
him, her, it
us
you
them
物主代詞
形容詞性
my
your
his, her, its
our
your
their
名詞性
mine
yours
his, hers, its
ours
yours
theirs
反身代詞
myself
yourself
himself,herself,itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
指示代詞
this, that等
these, those 等
疑問(wèn)代詞
who, whom, whose, what, which 等
關(guān)系代詞
who, whom, whose, which, that 等
不定代詞
each, everyone, everybody, everything, some, someone, somebody, something, few, a few, little, a little 等
二. 用法.
1. 人稱代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用主格, 作賓語(yǔ)或表示時(shí)用賓格. 人稱代詞并列使用時(shí)順序?yàn)?#8221;第二人稱, 第三人稱, 第一人稱”.如: You, he and I all like English.
2. 物主代詞有兩種形式: 一種是形容詞性物主代詞, 在句中只能充當(dāng)定語(yǔ), 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞; 另一種是名詞性物主代詞, 在句中作主語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ), 表語(yǔ)等, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞. 如:
Everybody must do his work well. These rulers are not ours. They are theirs.
3. 注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關(guān)系是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù).如:
These books are mine. Hers are over there. (這里hers=her books, 是復(fù)數(shù))
This is not our room. Ours is over there. (這里ours=our room, 為單數(shù))
4. “of+名詞性物主代詞”表示所屬. 如:a sister of his, a friend of mine
5. 反身代詞主要用作賓語(yǔ), 尤其當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)同指一個(gè)人時(shí), 有時(shí)也可用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ), 有時(shí)還可作表語(yǔ). 如:
The little girl could dress herself when she was two. Mary herself opened the door.
The girl in the picture is herself.
6. 疑問(wèn)代詞用于特殊疑問(wèn)句中, 一般放在句子最前面,可用作主語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ), 表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ). 如:
Who told you this? Wha did you see just now?
What is this? Which sport do you like best?
7. 關(guān)系代詞常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, 在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ), 定語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ). 如:
The man who lives in that house is my uncle. This is the pen whose point is broken
The man whom you met yesterday is friendly. She is no longer the girl who she used to be.
8. 不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞, 在句中作主語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ), 表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ). 其用法如下:
(1). some系列的詞項(xiàng)是肯定詞, 用于肯定句表示肯定意義; any系列的詞項(xiàng)是非肯定詞, 用于疑問(wèn)句, 否定句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句, 表示非肯定的意義. 如:
There is something wrong with him. There isn’t anyone in the street.
(2). some和any兩類詞項(xiàng)在很大程度上取決于全句的內(nèi)在含義和說(shuō)話人的意圖. 當(dāng)說(shuō)話人表示請(qǐng)求, 建議或帶有肯定意圖時(shí), 不管句子形式如何, 都可用some系列詞項(xiàng). 如:
Would you like something to eat? Why don’t you ask someone to help you?
(3). anyone, anybody表示 “任何人”, anything表示 “任何事情”時(shí), 可用于肯定句. 如:
He is better than anyone else in this sport.
(4). 不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù).如:
Everyone in China likes the Spring Festival.
(5). 形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí), 形容詞通常放在不定代詞之后. 如: Don’t do anything stupid.
After the long walk I wanted to drink something cold.
9. 幾組不定代詞的區(qū)別
each, every
each 和every 都有 “每個(gè)”的意思, 但它們?cè)谟梅ㄉ嫌兴煌?
(1) each著重于個(gè)別的含義. Every著重于全體的含義, 和all的意思相近. 如:
Each student has an English book. Every student is here today.
(2) each 可以用來(lái)指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物, 但是every卻總是指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物, 不能指兩個(gè)
(3) every只能用作定語(yǔ), each不僅可以作定語(yǔ), 而且能作主語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ).
a few/few, a little/little
(1)a few, few 用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞, 其中a few表示 “有一些”, few 表示否定, 意為 “幾乎沒有”. a little, little 用來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其中a little表示 “有一些”, little 表示否定, 意為 “幾乎沒有”. 如: There is a little milk left in the bottle.
There is little food in the fridge. Let’s buy some in the supermarket.
There are a few apples on the tree.
He doesn’t get along well with others, so he has few friends here.
(2)quite a few 和quite a little表示 “相當(dāng)多”; very few 和very little表示 “很少”
none, no one
(1) none 表示對(duì)三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或事物的否定, 意為 “沒有什么人(東西)”, 用作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ), 既指人又指物, 后面可指of短語(yǔ), 常用來(lái)回答how many引起的問(wèn)句. 如:
--How many students are there in the classroom? --None.
I like none of the books
(2) no one意為 “無(wú)一人”, “沒有人”, 僅指人(=nobody), 常用來(lái)回答who的提問(wèn).如:
No one attended the meeting yesterday.
--Who is in the classroom? --No one.
all, whole
(1) all 與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用時(shí), 意為 “所有”; 與單數(shù)名詞連用時(shí), 意為 “整個(gè)的”, “全部的”. 如:
all my teachers, all day
(2) whole的后面大多接單數(shù)名詞, 它一般不能與物質(zhì)名詞連用, 不可以說(shuō)the whole money, 應(yīng)該說(shuō)all the money. 如: The whole village went out to welcome us.
(3) all與whole在名詞短語(yǔ)中的位置是不同的. all用在冠詞, 物主代詞或其它限定詞之前, whole則用在這些詞之后. 如:
All the afternoon I jumped and sang and did all kinds of things.
The whole afternoon I jumped and sang and did all kinds of things.
連詞
一. 并列連詞
并列連詞連接兩個(gè)詞、短語(yǔ)或分句， 表示并列、轉(zhuǎn)折。因果等關(guān)系。
1. and 意為 “和, 而且”. 如: I will go and buy something to eat.
Work hard and you will succeed. She can play both the piano and the violin.
祈使句+and+陳述句=條件從句+陳述句.
Use your head and you will get a way.=If you use your head, you’ll get a way.
2. but 意為”但是”, 一般不和though 或although連用. 如:
English is widely used in our life, but I just know a little English.
3. while 意為 “在……的時(shí)候” 表示同時(shí)發(fā)生.如:
He was doing his homework while his brother was singing.
1. however 意為 “然而” 如:I’d like to go with you, however, my hands are full(忙不過(guò)來(lái)).
2. or 意為 “或者, 否則” 如: Put on more clothes, or you will get a cold.
Are you going to spend your holiday here or at home?
3. so 意為 “因此, 所以”, 一般不和because同時(shí)使用. 如:
His mother was ill that day, so he stayed at home and looked afer her.
4. for 意為 “因?yàn)?#8221;. 如: The days are long, for it is June now.
5. either…or… 表示 “或者……或者……”, 即 “非此即彼”; 若連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)遵循 “就近原則”. 如: Come either today or tomorrow. Either you or I am going to attend the meeting.
6. 表示 “既不……也不……”. 當(dāng)連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等成分在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要遵循 “就近原則”, 即由or后面的名詞或代詞而定.如:
She could neither speak the language nor write it. Neither I nor he has seen the play.
7. not only…but (also)… 意為 “不但……而且……”, 在句中常用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等的成分, also可以省略. 當(dāng)它連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)隨but also之后的主語(yǔ)而定. 如:
Not only you but I am a student. He is learning not only English but (also) French.
She speaks Russian not only in class but (also) at home.
注意: Not only…but also連接兩個(gè)并列句子時(shí), 前半句not only提前且用倒裝句. 如:
Not only did he know the future, but also he could tell you the past.
8. both… and… 表示 “既……又……, (兩者)都……”, 用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等的成分. 如:
While I was in the university, I learned both English and Japanese.
9. as well as 表示 “也”. 如:I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays.
Susan is clever as well as beautiful. (蘇珊既漂亮又聰明)
二. 從屬連詞
1. 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞有: that, if, whether等. 如
I don’t know whether he’ll come or not. I’m sorry that you can’t come.
2. 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞有:
(1). 表示時(shí)間when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as, since, as等. 如:
I’ll discuss this with you when we meet next time.
(2). 表示原因because, as, since等. 如: We didn’t buy the car because it was too expensive.
(3). 表示條件if, unless等. 如:If it rains, the match will be delayed(延期).
(4). 表示讓步 though, although等. 如: Although/Though she was tired, she kept on working.
(5). 表示目的so that, in order that等. 如: He raised his voice so that/in order that we could hear him.
(6). 表示結(jié)果so…that, so that, such…that等. 如:He came so late that he missed the class.
(7). 表示比較than, as, as…as…, the…, the…等. 如: You are a better player than I am.
The more, the better.
形容詞、副詞
形容詞是用來(lái)修飾名詞(或不定代詞), 表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)或?qū)傩缘脑~. 副詞是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞的詞, 有時(shí)也可以修飾全句, 主要用作狀語(yǔ).
中考主要考點(diǎn): 1. 形容詞, 副詞的句法功能及其在句中位置; 2. 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成及用法; 3. 近義詞辨析, 并能在題干所提供的語(yǔ)境和交際條件中靈活運(yùn)用; 4. 形容詞, 副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的運(yùn)用.
一. 形容詞的句法功能
1. 充當(dāng)定語(yǔ), 修飾名詞或不定代詞. (Loud music makes me tense.)
2. 作表語(yǔ), 常與系動(dòng)詞連用.
3. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ). (You must keep your eyes closed.)
4. 與定冠詞the連用, 表示某一類人或事物. (the old, the poor…)
注意:
1. 以a-開頭的形容詞alive, asleep, afraid, alone等一般只作表語(yǔ)(alive有時(shí)可作后置定語(yǔ)).
2. 有些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞, 如: friendly, lively, silly, lovely等.
二. 副詞的句法功能
副詞按照意義可分為時(shí)間副詞, 地點(diǎn)副詞, 方式副詞, 程度副詞和頻度副詞.
1. 表示行為或狀態(tài)特征的詞, 在句中主要作狀語(yǔ). (He studied hard)
2. 一些地點(diǎn)副詞和時(shí)間副詞, 如here, there, home, abroad, upstairs, above, below, yesterday, today, tomorrow等可以放在被修飾詞的后面作定語(yǔ).
Do you know the man over there? The people there are friendly to me.
3. 一些表示方位的副詞, 如in, out, on, back, down, up, off, away等可以作表語(yǔ).
三. 形容詞, 副詞在句中的位置
1. 形容詞作定語(yǔ)大多數(shù)置于被修飾詞之前, 但當(dāng)被修飾的詞是不定代詞或修飾語(yǔ)是短語(yǔ)或從句時(shí), 則置于被修飾語(yǔ)之后.
2. 副詞在句中的位置很靈活: 修飾動(dòng)詞放在其后; 修飾形容詞、副詞、副詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句放在其前; 修飾全句一般放在句首, 若放在句中或句尾則常用逗號(hào)隔開. 頻度副詞always, often等一般放在行為動(dòng)詞之前, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或to be之后; 程度副詞如verym, much等一般放在被修飾詞之前(enough除外).
四. 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成及用法
復(fù)合形容詞常在句中作前置定語(yǔ), 它的構(gòu)成方式較多. 就中考而言, ?？嫉膹?fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成形式是: “數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞+形容詞”, 并且中間加連字符. 如: a 7-year-old boy等.
五. 疑問(wèn)副詞的用法
疑問(wèn)副詞是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)特殊疑問(wèn)句的. 常見的疑問(wèn)副詞有when, where, why, how, 以及how和其它形容詞或副詞構(gòu)成的how old, how soon, how often, how far, how long, how tall, how many, how much等.
六. 形容詞, 副詞的比較等級(jí)
1. 表示A與B在程度上相同時(shí), 可用 “as+形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)+as”結(jié)構(gòu). 表示A不與B時(shí), 可用 “not so/as +形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)+as”結(jié)構(gòu). 如:
Write as carefully as you can and try not to make any mistakes.
The Yellow River is not so/as long as the Changjiang River.
注意: 如果想表示A是B的幾倍時(shí), 常用 “倍數(shù)+as+形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)+as”結(jié)構(gòu). 如:
Their house is three times as big as ours.
2. 表示A比B在程度上 “更……”時(shí), 可用 “形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)+than” 結(jié)構(gòu). 如:
Mobile phones are very popular now and they are cheaper than before. Tom runs faster than Alan.
3. 表示三者或三者以上的比較, 其中一個(gè)在程度上 “最……”時(shí), 常用 “the+形容詞或副詞的最高級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu), 后面可帶 “of/in 的短語(yǔ)”來(lái)說(shuō)明比較的范圍.
I think English is the most difficult subject of all. Zhou shan is the strongest student in our class.
The teacher asked, “Hu Yan, of all the students in our group, who lives farthest?”
4. 在形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)前, 可以用a little, even, far, much, still等詞語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾, 以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣. 如: In our city, it’s hot in July, but it’s even hotter in August.
5. 表示 “越來(lái)越……”時(shí), 常用 “形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)+and+形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu), 但要注意, 對(duì)于多音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)形容詞/副詞而言, 若要表達(dá)此意時(shí), 要用 “more and more+adj/adv的原級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu). 如: The car is running faster and faster. Our city is becoming more and more beautiful.
6. 在表示 “其中最……之一”的含義時(shí), 常使用 “one of+the+adj最高級(jí)形式+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”的結(jié)構(gòu), 其中的定冠詞the 不可省略. 如:
Surfing, one of the most popular water sports in the world, first started on the island of Hawaii.
7. 如果強(qiáng)調(diào) “兩者中比較……的(一個(gè))”的意思時(shí), 可使用 “the+adj比較級(jí)+其它”結(jié)構(gòu).如:
Of the two skirts, Lucy chose the cheaper one.
8. 表示 “越……越……”時(shí), 可使用 “the+adj/adv的比較級(jí)(+其它), the +adj/adv的比較級(jí)+(其它)”結(jié)構(gòu). 如: He takes more exercise every day, for he believes the more he does, the stronger he’ll be.
此外值得注意的是, 某些含有最高級(jí)的句型可以用比較級(jí)的句型來(lái)代替. 如:
He is the tallest student in his class.=He is taller than any other student in his class.
數(shù)詞
數(shù)詞有兩種:基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞. 表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞, 如one, twenty-three等; 表示順序先后的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞, 如first, twelfth等.
一. 基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成:
1. 基數(shù)詞 在基數(shù)詞書寫中, 1-12要特別記憶, 13-19都是以-teen結(jié)尾, 整十的數(shù)都是以-ty結(jié)尾. 在表示 “幾十幾”時(shí), 十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)之間要加連字符 “-”.
2. 序數(shù)詞 1-19的序數(shù)詞中除first, second, third外, 其余均由基數(shù)詞加-th構(gòu)成,但是fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth要作適當(dāng)變化. 當(dāng)表示 “第幾十幾”時(shí), 十位數(shù)用基數(shù)詞, 個(gè)位數(shù)用序數(shù)詞, 中間須有連字符 “-”.
二. 數(shù)詞的用法
1. hundred, thousand, million, billion前面有具體的數(shù)字修飾時(shí)用單數(shù)形式, 后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式. 如:five hundred teachers. 如果這四個(gè)詞前面沒有具體的數(shù), 則要在后面加 “s”再加 “of +可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)”. 如: hundreds of students, millions of workers.
2. 數(shù)詞可以表示事物的編號(hào). 如:Lesson Ten=the tenth lesson (第十課)
3. 數(shù)詞可以表示年代. 如: in the 1980s(在二十世紀(jì)八十年代)
4. 表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí), 分子用基數(shù)詞, 分母用序數(shù)詞. 當(dāng)分子大于1時(shí), 分母要用復(fù)數(shù)形式. 如2/3 two thirds, 1/5 one fifth, 1/2 one half, 3/4 three quarters(or three fourths)
5. 數(shù)詞可發(fā)表示時(shí)間.
(1)鐘點(diǎn)+分鐘(順讀法) 如: 11:56 eleven fifty-six
(2)分鐘+to/past+鐘點(diǎn)(倒讀法) 如: 4:30 half past four 5:05 five past five
6:45 fifteen to seven / a quarter to seven
6. 數(shù)詞表示年齡. 如:in his thirties (在他三十多歲時(shí))
7. 數(shù)詞表示年月日. 如: May 2(nd), 2007 讀作:May the second, two thousand and seven.
動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
一. 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的基本考點(diǎn)
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 存在的狀態(tài), 現(xiàn)階段的習(xí)慣或不受時(shí)間限制的事實(shí)和普遍真理, 常與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)often, usually, every day, always等連用.
2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事, 存在的狀態(tài)或過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如a few minutes ago, yesterday, last week, just now等連用.
3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)tomorrow, next week, in a few days, next Monday等連用. 基本形式有: (1)will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形; (2)be going to+動(dòng)詞原形(表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事).
4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示此時(shí)此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或目前階段正在持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作, 由is/am/are+v-ing構(gòu)成. 句中常有now, look, listen, it’s…, where is sb? 等類的詞.
5. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.這一特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間可用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)表示, 也可由上下文暗示. 基本形式由was/were+v-ing構(gòu)成. 常有像at eight yesterday evening, when, while等類的詞或短語(yǔ).
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 由have/has+v-ed構(gòu)成. 它表示(1)過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果; (2)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài). 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞, 如be, work, study, live等, 后面常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用, 如for two days, since 1999, all day等, 也可與帶有表示到目前為止的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 如so far, till now, today, this week等.
7. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 表示從過(guò)去的某時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)(也可以說(shuō)是 “過(guò)去的將來(lái)”),由 “would+ 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成.
8. 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)由 “had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成, 主要表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)(也可以說(shuō)是 “過(guò)去的過(guò)去”), 還可以表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間.
二. 動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本考點(diǎn)
中考對(duì)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)的考查主要集中在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成及用法上. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示句子主語(yǔ)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者, 由 “助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成, 時(shí)態(tài)通過(guò)助動(dòng)詞be的變化體現(xiàn)出來(lái). 判斷句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 關(guān)鍵是看主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系, 即是主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系. 在初中階段, 主要掌握一般現(xiàn)在時(shí), 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和用法即可.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
am/is/are +過(guò)去分詞
一般過(guò)去時(shí)
was/were +過(guò)去分詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +be + 過(guò)去分詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身雖有一定的意義, 但它必須和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ), 表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài). 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化, 后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式(即原形). 初中學(xué)過(guò)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can, could, may, must, have to, will, shall, should, would, need等.
1. can/could 表示能力或客觀可能性, 還可以表示表示請(qǐng)求和允許; 用在否定句疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句中還可以表示驚異、 懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度; 在一般疑問(wèn)句第一人稱中, 表示征詢對(duì)方許可(用could比用can語(yǔ)氣更加委婉和客氣, 但答語(yǔ)必須用can); 在一般疑問(wèn)句第二人稱中, can和could往往用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人請(qǐng)求或征詢意見(用could比用can語(yǔ)氣更加委婉和客氣).
2. may 表示許可, 相當(dāng)于 “可以”, 用于句型May I …?時(shí), 表示征詢對(duì)方許可.
3. must 意為 “必須, 應(yīng)當(dāng)”, 表示義務(wù)、命令或必要; 在回答must引出的問(wèn)句時(shí), 肯定回答用must, 否定回答常用needn’t或don’t have to, 表示 “沒有必要”(若用mustn’t, 則表示 “禁止”之意)
4. need 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí), 多用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中, 表示 “需要”或 “必要” (need用于肯定句時(shí), 常作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 有人稱和數(shù)的變化).
5. shall 表示說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方意見或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示; 還表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允許或威脅.
6. should 意為 “應(yīng)該”, 表示義務(wù)、責(zé)任, 用于各種人稱.
7. will 用于疑問(wèn)句中, 表示說(shuō)話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或建議; 還可用來(lái)表示做某事的意志、 意愿、決心或打算.
8. would 表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作, 有”總是”, “常常”的意思; 還可用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣的主句中.
9. have to 意為 “不得不”, 著重客觀需要, 能用于多種時(shí)態(tài); 它與must的區(qū)別為: must強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法, 沒有時(shí)態(tài)變化.
10. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除各自有自己的詞義外, 還可以表示對(duì)事情的推測(cè). 對(duì)于初中學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō), 只要掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, can, could, may, might等表示推測(cè)的用法就可以了
