◆if conj.
1. 用法與詞義:引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,意為“如果”;引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,意為“是否”。有時(shí)若沒有上下文可能產(chǎn)生歧義。如:
Write to tell me if you love her.
(1) 如果你愛她,請(qǐng)寫信告訴我。
(2) 請(qǐng)寫信告訴我你是否愛她。
2. 時(shí)態(tài)問題:引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來,而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句則沒有此限制。如:
I don’t know if he will come. But if he comes, I’ll tell you. 我不知道他是否來,但是如果他來,我就告訴你。
有時(shí)表示條件的 if之后可能用 will, 但那不是將來時(shí)態(tài),而是表示意愿或委婉的請(qǐng)求(此處的 will是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)。如:
A:Shall I hold the door open for you? 我為你開著門好嗎?
B:Yes, if you will. 好的,如果你愿意的話。
If you will wait a moment, I’ll fetch the money. 請(qǐng)等一下,我就去拿錢。
3. 省略問題:在 if 引導(dǎo)的條件從句里,有時(shí)可省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。在這類省略結(jié)構(gòu)中,有的已構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu),如:if any, if not, if necessary, if possible, if so 等。如:
I’ll help you if possible. 若有可能我會(huì)幫你的。
There’re few, if any, mistakes in the book. 這本書里即使有錯(cuò)也不多。
Fill in the blanks with articles if necessary. 在有必要的地方填冠詞。
If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not. 如果天氣好,我們就去。如果天氣不好,我們就不去。
He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now? 他可能很忙。如果是這樣,我以后再來拜訪;他若不忙,我現(xiàn)在可以見他嗎?
4. 用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣:若要表示與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),if引出的條件從句以及相應(yīng)的主句則用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,具體格式為:
(1) 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反:主句用would, should, could, might+v.,從句動(dòng)詞用過去式(be 通常用 were)。如:
If I were you, I might stay. 我要是你,我可能會(huì)留下。
If you had your choice, where would you go? 要是讓你選,你去哪兒?
(2) 與將來事實(shí)相反:主句用would, should, could, might+v.,從句動(dòng)詞用過去式(be 通常用were)或用 should+動(dòng)詞原形或 were to+動(dòng)詞原形。如:
If it rained tomorrow, I would stay at home. 要是明天下雨,我就呆在家里。
If it should be necessary, I could come at six. 如果有必要,我可以在六點(diǎn)鐘來。
注:從句謂語(yǔ)若為 should+動(dòng)詞原形,主句謂語(yǔ)有時(shí)可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如:
If he should call, tell him I’ll ring back. 萬(wàn)一他打電話來,告訴他我給他回電話。
If I should see him, I’ll ask him to ring you. 萬(wàn)一我能見到他,我就叫他給你打電話。
(3) 與過去事實(shí)相反: 主句用would, should, could, might+have+過去分詞,從句用過去完成時(shí)。如:
If he had worked harder, he would have succeeded. 要是他更努力些,他就會(huì)成功了。
If it hadn’t been for the snow, we could have climbed the mountain yesterday. 要是沒下雪,我們昨天就去爬山了。
(4) if only(但愿),as if(似乎,好象)也常與虛擬語(yǔ)氣連用。如:
If only I knew her name. 要是我知道她的名字就好了。
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken. 當(dāng)一支鉛筆有一半放在水里時(shí),它就好像折斷了似的。
◆ill adj.
1. 表示“有病的”,通常只用作表語(yǔ);而表示“壞的”、“有害的”等,則通常只用作定語(yǔ)。如:
He has been ill for two weeks. 他已病了兩個(gè)星期。
There is no ill feeling between them. 他們之間沒什么惡感。
注:有時(shí)可說 ill health, 這里的 ill 應(yīng)理解為 bad, 故可用作定語(yǔ)。
2. 表示“生病”,除可用 be ill(表示狀態(tài))外,還可以用 fall ill 和 be taken ill, 后兩者均為終止性動(dòng)詞,因此不能與一段時(shí)間連用。如:
正:He fell ill [was taken ill] suddenly. 他突然病倒了。
誤:He has fallen ill [been taken ill] for a week.
◆imagine v.
1. 表示“想象”,其后可接動(dòng)名詞(可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)),但不能接不定式。如:
你能想象在月球上生活嗎?
正:Can you imagine living on the moon?
誤:Can you imagine to live on the moon?
我無法想象他會(huì)那樣說。
正:I can’t imagine his [him] saying that.
誤:I can’t imagine him to say that.
注:imagine 后不接不定式或不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),但有時(shí)可接帶不定式 to be 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(to be 有時(shí)可省略或換成 as)。如:
I was surprised when I saw the farm. I had imagined it to be much bigger. 我看到那個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)時(shí)很吃驚,我原認(rèn)為會(huì)它會(huì)大得多。
I had imagined him (to be, as) an old man. 我原認(rèn)為他是位老人。
3. 表示“想”、“認(rèn)為”,后接 that 從句時(shí),若從句為否定,通常將其否定轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上。如:
I don’t imagine that he will come. 我想他不會(huì)來的。
在簡(jiǎn)略說法中可用 so, not 代替 that 從句。如:
A:Will he come? 他會(huì)來嗎?
B:I imagine so (not). 我想會(huì)來(不會(huì)來了)。
◆immediately adj.
1. 用作副詞,主要表示“立即”、“馬上”。如:
I answered his letter immediately. 我馬上給他回了信。
有時(shí)表示在時(shí)間或空間方面很接近或直接,此時(shí)通常用于形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等之前。如:
He lives immediately next to us. 他就住在我們隔壁。
I left immediately after I heard the news. 我一聽到這消息后馬上就離開了。
2. 有時(shí)可用作連詞(尤其在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中),意為“一……就”,相當(dāng)于 as soon as。如:
I recognized her immediately I saw her. 我一看見她就認(rèn)出了她。
◆important adj.
1. 表示“對(duì)……重要”,通常用介詞 to, 有時(shí)可用 for。如:
The book is important to [for] me. 這本書對(duì)我很重要。
在It’s important for sb to do sth 結(jié)構(gòu)中用來引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常要用 for。如:
It is important for us to remember this. 記住這一點(diǎn)對(duì)我們很重要。
2. 后接 that 從句時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)通常用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”這樣的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:
It is important that we (should) help each other. 我們要互相幫助,這點(diǎn)很重要。
注:偶爾也有用陳述語(yǔ)氣的,但很少見。(英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法網(wǎng))
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