家里撒了蟑螂藥，但蟑螂依舊猖狂？最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，蟑螂對(duì)多種殺蟲劑產(chǎn)生了交叉耐藥性，而且這種耐藥性在一代之內(nèi)提高到之前的6倍。
hissing cockroach on rock/Jesper Aggergaard/unsplash
Cockroaches are stepping up their defenses against the poisons designed to kill them.
蟑螂對(duì)殺蟲劑的防御機(jī)制正在加強(qiáng)。
A new study has found that German cockroaches, the most common species of the insect in the world, are developing cross-resistance to numerous insecticides.
最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，全球最常見的蟑螂種類德國(guó)小蠊正對(duì)多種殺蟲劑產(chǎn)生交叉耐藥性。
cross-resistance：交互抗性
Not only were researchers in some cases unable to reduce cockroach numbers during a six-month study period, even when combining different insecticides, but they found the insects' resistance increased up to six-fold within one generation.
在某些情況下，研究人員不僅無法在為期半年的研究期間殺滅部分蟑螂，甚至使用了多種殺蟲劑也是如此，而且他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，蟑螂的耐藥性在一代之內(nèi)提高到之前的6倍。
'This is a previously unrealized challenge in cockroaches,' said Purdue University professor Michael Scharf.
普渡大學(xué)教授邁克爾·沙夫說：“我們之前在蟑螂身上從未遇到過的挑戰(zhàn)。”
'Cockroaches developing resistance to multiple classes of insecticides at once will make controlling these pests almost impossible with chemicals alone.'
他說：“蟑螂同時(shí)對(duì)多種殺蟲劑產(chǎn)生耐藥性將使單純利用化學(xué)物質(zhì)控制它們變得幾乎不可能。”
The study published in the journal Scientific Reports focused on the species Blattella germanica L, which can be found all around the world.
這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表在《科學(xué)報(bào)告》雜志上，重點(diǎn)研究了德國(guó)小蠊這種遍布全球的蟑螂種類。
The team tested different insecticides from different classes, and combinations of the bunch, in multi-unit buildings in Indiana and Illinois over a period of six months.
研究小組在半年時(shí)間內(nèi)在印第安納州和伊利諾伊州的多單元建筑物中測(cè)試了不同種類的殺蟲劑及其組合。
Exterminators often mix insecticides of different classes to ensure they're eliminating bugs that have developed resistance to one, the authors note.
研究報(bào)告的作者指出，滅蟲者通常會(huì)混合不同類別的殺蟲劑，以確保能夠殺滅對(duì)某一種殺蟲劑產(chǎn)生耐藥性的害蟲。
exterminator [?k'st??m?ne?t?]：n.根除者；職業(yè)的消滅害蟲者
Roaches were captured from the sites before the lab to assess the best treatment for each scenario.
研究人員從實(shí)驗(yàn)室前的多個(gè)地點(diǎn)捕捉蟑螂，以評(píng)估每種情況下的最佳方案。
'If you have the ability to test the roaches first and pick insecticide that has low resistance, that ups the odds,' Scharf said.
沙夫說：“如果能先測(cè)試蟑螂，然后挑選耐藥性弱的殺蟲劑，那就增加了殺滅幾率?！?/p>
'But even then, we had trouble controlling populations.'
“但是即便如此，我們也很難控制蟑螂的數(shù)量?！?/p>
The team says it was able to keep the roach populations stable during the study period, but could not make a significant dent in their numbers.
研究小組稱，在研究期間蟑螂數(shù)量能夠維持穩(wěn)定，但無法大幅減少。
With the two-insecticide mixture, the pests even appeared to thrive.
在使用了兩種殺蟲劑的混合物之后，蟑螂數(shù)量甚至增加了。
One of the single-insecticide experiments suggested the population was at first vulnerable to the method, and in that case they were able to mostly wipe them out. But, in another trial with 10 percent starting resistance, the population grew despite treatment.
其中一項(xiàng)單一殺蟲劑試驗(yàn)表明，蟑螂起初對(duì)此很敏感，在這種情況下，大多數(shù)蟑螂基本上都被殺滅了。但是，在另一項(xiàng)耐藥性達(dá)到10%的試驗(yàn)中，盡管使用了殺蟲劑，蟑螂數(shù)量還是增加了。
Surviving roaches then led to more resistant offspring.
幸存下來的蟑螂會(huì)生育出耐藥性更強(qiáng)的后代。
'We would see resistance increase four- or six-fold in just one generation,' Scharf said.
沙夫說：“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，耐藥性在僅僅一代之內(nèi)就增加了4到6倍?！?/p>
'We didn't have a clue that something like that could happen this fast.'
“我們此前不知道耐藥性會(huì)發(fā)展得如此之快?！?/p>
Female cockroaches can produce as many as 50 offspring during their three-month reproductive cycle.
雌性蟑螂可以在其三個(gè)月的繁殖周期內(nèi)產(chǎn)下多達(dá)50個(gè)后代。
Even a small percentage of resistance and the potential for cross-resistance could mean a cockroach population just keeps coming back.
即便是很小的耐藥性比例和交叉耐藥性的可能性也意味著蟑螂會(huì)不斷繁衍。
'Some of these methods are more expensive than using only insecticides, but if those insecticides aren't going to control or eliminate a population, you're just throwing money away,' Scharf said.
沙夫說：“一些殺滅蟑螂方法的成本要高于僅使用殺蟲劑，但是如果這些殺蟲劑不能控制或殺滅蟑螂，那就是在浪費(fèi)錢?！?/p>
'Combining several methods will be the most effective way to eliminate cockroaches.'
他說：“多種方法結(jié)合將是消滅蟑螂最有效的方法。”
為什么殺滅蟑螂這么難？
The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is an omnivorous scavenger and one of the largest insect species that lives in close proximity to humans.
美國(guó)蟑螂（美洲大蠊）是一種雜食性食腐動(dòng)物，是與人類生活在一起的最大的昆蟲之一。
omnivorous[?m'n?v(?)r?s]：adj.雜食的；無所不吃的
scavenger ['sk?v?n(d)??]：n.食腐動(dòng)物
in close proximity to：與…靠得很近
It has one of the largest genomes known to exist among insects, second only to the common locust.
這種蟑螂的基因組在已知的昆蟲基因組中位于最大之列，僅次于常見的蝗蟲。
genome ['d?i?n??m]：n.基因組；染色體組
In total, the species has 20,000 genes - which is the same number as a human.
美國(guó)蟑螂一共有2萬個(gè)基因，這與人類的基因數(shù)量相同。
Some genes control its internal detoxification system, which means the cockroach doesn't get ill if it eats toxic food.
一些基因控制著蟑螂體內(nèi)的解毒系統(tǒng)，這意味著如果蟑螂吃了有毒食物不會(huì)有不適反應(yīng)。
detoxification [di,tɑks?f?'ke??n]：n.解毒
More genes help it combat infections, meaning it is resilient to living in filthy conditions.
更多的基因幫助它們對(duì)抗感染，這意味著蟑螂能在骯臟的環(huán)境中生存。
filthy ['f?lθ?]：adj.骯臟的
Cockroaches can also regrow limbs thank to its remarkable genetic sequence.
蟑螂還能重新長(zhǎng)出四肢，這要感謝其非凡的基因序列。
Scientists have also found that female cockroaches are so resilient they don't need a male partner.
科學(xué)家還發(fā)現(xiàn)，雌性蟑螂的適應(yīng)力很強(qiáng)，不需要雄性伴侶。
英文來源：每日郵報(bào)
翻譯&編輯：yaning
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