英語寫作常用的36個(gè)插入語1. however 然而2. obviously 顯然3. frankly 坦率地說4. briefly 簡(jiǎn)單地說5. indeed 的確6. honestly 真的7. fortunately/luckily 幸好8. I believe 我相信9. I wonder 我不知道10. in the first place 首先11. in addition 此外12. of course 當(dāng)然
13. for instance/example 例如14. strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說15. generally speaking 一般來說16. judging from... 根據(jù)……判斷17. that is 也就是說18. it seems 看來是19. in fact // as a matter of fact 事實(shí)上20. needless to say 不用說21. strange to say 說也奇怪22. to tell the truth 老實(shí)說23. to be sure 無疑24. to sum up 概括地說25. I am sure 我可以肯定地說26. luckily/happily for sb. 算某人幸運(yùn)27. most important of all 最為重要的是28. what is important/serious 重要/嚴(yán)重的是29. in general 一般而言30. in other words 換句話說31. in a sense 在某種意義上32. in my view // as I see it 在我看來33. from my point of view // from my perspective/viewpoint 我認(rèn)為34. in conclusion 總之35. in summary 概括地說36. in a few words // in sum // in short 簡(jiǎn)而言之英語的冷知識(shí),還有很多人不知道這些~趕緊收藏吧1、Frenchchalk滑石粉(不是“法國粉筆”)2、busybody愛管閑事的人(不是“大忙人”)3、Chinesedragon麒麟(不是“中國龍”)4、inone’sbirthdaysuit赤身裸體(不是“穿著生日禮服”)5、Englishdisease軟骨?。ú皇恰坝保?div style="height:15px;">
47、forget-me-not是“勿忘我”.是一種花而不是其它。48、Greekgift害人的禮品(不是“希臘禮物”)49、Youdon’tsay!是嗎?。ú皇恰澳銊e說”)50、liveadog’slife是“過著牛馬不如的生活”而不是“過狗樣的生活”。51、eleventhhour最后時(shí)刻(不是“十一點(diǎn)”)52、maddoctor精神病科醫(yī)生(不是“發(fā)瘋的醫(yī)生”)53、Youcan’tbetoocarefulinyourwork.你工作越仔細(xì)越好。(不是“你工作不能太仔細(xì)”)Ithasbeen4yearssinceIsmoked.我戒煙4年了。(不是“我抽煙4年了”)54、busboy餐館勤雜工(不是“公汽售票員”)55、criminallawyer刑事律師(不是“犯罪的律師”)56、smallpotato是“小人物”,而不是“小土豆”。57、sweetbread是“胰臟”,而不是“面包”。58、dumbasanoyster是“守口如瓶”,而不是'不能說話的牡蠣”。59、redtape官僚習(xí)氣(不是“紅色帶子”)60、haveafit勃然大怒(不是“試穿”)61、Lover情人(不是“愛人”)62、sweetwater淡水(不是“糖水”或“甜水”)63、eatone’swords收回前言(不是“食言”)64、blackstranger完全陌生的人(不是“陌生的黑人”)65、yellowbook黃皮書(法國**報(bào)告書,以黃紙為封)(不是“黃色書籍”)66、whiteman忠實(shí)可靠的人(不是“皮膚白的人”)【whiteman的本義還是“白種人”?!罢\實(shí)的人”只是引申義】67、thinkagreatdealofoneself高看或看重自己(不是“為自己想得很多”)初中英語應(yīng)知應(yīng)會(huì)的重點(diǎn)句型供稿教師:北京市第五中學(xué)英語組劉凱 教育考試研究院1. as soon as 一…就…1.Mary一見到她弟弟就會(huì)告訴他這個(gè)消息。2.我們一到那兒就去爬山了。3.我一買回來哈里波特就給你看的。4.昨天雨一停孩子們就回家了。5.我一回來我媽媽就開始做飯。1. Mary will tell her brother this message as soon as she sees him.2. We went climbing as soon as we arrived / got / reached there.3. I’ll show you Harry Potter as soon as I buy it.4. The children went home as soon as the rain stopped/ it stopped raining yesterday.5. My mother began to cook dinner as soon as I got home.2. ask sb for sth.. 請(qǐng)求,要求1.當(dāng)你迷路時(shí),你可以向警察需求幫助。2.一些學(xué)生經(jīng)常向父母要錢去玩電子游戲。(video games)3.他向父母要一輛自行車作為生日禮物。4.我跟他要我的尺子來給她。5.當(dāng)你學(xué)英語有困難時(shí),你可以向老師尋求幫助。1. When you get lost, you can ask the police for help.2. Some students often ask their parents for money to play video games.3. He asked his parents for a bicycle as his birthday present.4. I asked him for my ruler to give it to her.5. You could ask the teacher for help when you have trouble in learning English,3. ask/tell sb. (how) to do sth. 請(qǐng)教/告訴某人如何做…1.許多學(xué)生經(jīng)常問老師如何才能學(xué)好英語。2.讓我來告訴你如何發(fā)郵件。3.你能告訴我牛奶不變酸的辦法嗎?4.讓我告訴你怎樣做個(gè)三明治。5.一個(gè)小孩問我怎樣能找到媽媽。1. Many students often ask their teachers how to learn English well.2. Let me tell you how to send an e-mail.3. Can you tell me how to prevent milk from turning sour?4. Let me tell you how to make a sandwich.5.A kid asked me how to find his mother.4. ask/tell sb. (not) to do sth. 請(qǐng)/告訴某人做/不做某事1.護(hù)士告訴我服用此藥需一日三次,飯后服用。2.老師經(jīng)常告訴我要更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)。3. 媽媽讓我?guī)退o一個(gè)老爺爺買一些牛奶。4. 同學(xué)們叫我去打籃球。5. 我們叫他唱支歌。1. The nurse told me to take this medicine three times a day after meals.2. The teacher often tells me to study harder.3. Mum asked me to help her to buy some milk for an old man.4. My classmates asked him to sing a song.5. We asked him to sing a song for us.5. be busy doing 忙于做某事1.現(xiàn)在我們忙于練習(xí)英語口語。2.我正在忙著做飯。3.我正忙于我的論文,不能接這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。4.王蘭沒時(shí)間接電話,她正忙著照顧孩子。5.別打擾他,他正在寫信。1. Now we are busy practicing spoken English.2.I am busy cooking dinner at the moment.3. I am too busy working on my paper to take on this project at this time.4. Wang Lan didn’t have time to answer the phone, because she was busy looking after the child.5. Don’t disturb him. He is busy writing the letter.6. be famous/late/ready/sorry for… 以…著名1.對(duì)不起,我上課遲到了。2.我從來沒有遲到過。3.愛迪生以他的發(fā)明聞名于世。4.因?yàn)槎萝?,昨天他們開會(huì)遲到了。5.法國以美食和紅酒著名。1. I’m sorry I am late for class.2. I have never been late for school.3. Edison is famous for his inventions in the world.4. They were late for the meeting because of the heavy traffic yesterday.5.Franceis famous for the fine food and wine.7. be glad that… 高興…1.我很高興你通過了考試。2.我為你已不再吸煙而高興。3.我很高興能來看我4.真高興你被那所知名大學(xué)錄取了。5.真高興你買到了新房子。1. I am glad that you have passed the exam.2. I am glad that you have stopped smoking.3. I am glad that you can come to see me.4. I am glad that you have been admitted into the well-known university.5. I am glad that you have gotten your new house.8. buy/give/show/send/pass/bring/lend/tell sb. sth. 為某人買某物1.你介意把這本書借給我嗎?2.如果我是你,我將把這錢給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。3.請(qǐng)記住明天把字典帶來。4.昨天,瑪莉的媽媽給她買了一輛新自行車。5.你能把字典借給我嗎?1. Would you mind lending me the book?2. If I were you, I’d give the money to charity.3. Please remember to bring your dictionary here tomorrow.4. Yesterday Mary’s mother bought her a new bike.5. Could you please lend me your dictionary?9. give/show/bring/lend/send/pass/ tell sth to sb. 把…給某人1.我想告訴你點(diǎn)重要的事情。2.請(qǐng)遞給我一杯水。3.請(qǐng)把這本書給他。4.當(dāng)你到家時(shí),請(qǐng)把這封信給你筆友寄去。5.把你的作業(yè)遞給老師。1. I want to tell you sth. important to you.2. Please pass a cup of water to me.3. Please give this book to him.4. When you get to your home, please send this letter to your pen pal.5. Please pass your homework to the teacher.10. enjoy/hate/finish/mind/keep/go on doing 喜歡做某事1.我讓他不停地讀課文以使他能快速地將其背下來。2.你能為我繼續(xù)舉著這畫嗎?3.我一點(diǎn)也不喜歡吃月餅,因?yàn)樗麄兲鹆恕?div style="height:15px;">
4.這對(duì)雙胞胎喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)。5.我的一個(gè)學(xué)生很討厭運(yùn)動(dòng)。1. I kept him reading the text so that he could recite it quickly..2. Would you please keep holding the picture for me?3. I don’t enjoy moon cakes at all, because they are too sweet.4. The twins like (having/ doing) sports.5. One of my students hates taking exercise.11. had better (not) do 最好做/不做1.你最好寫下所有的想法。2.你最好不要把這件事告訴她。3.你最好快點(diǎn)做作業(yè),然后在大考之前放松一下。4.我認(rèn)為如果遇到困難,我們最好向老師請(qǐng)教。5.你最好能吃光所有的食物。1. You’d better write down all your ideas.2. You’d better not tell her about it.3. You’d better do homework a bit faster and relax yourself before big exams.4. I think that if we are in trouble we’d better ask the teacher for help/ ask the teacher to help us.5. You’d better eat up all the food.12. don’t think that... 認(rèn)為…不…1.我認(rèn)為王平不是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。2.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來。3.我覺得他不會(huì)放棄學(xué)習(xí)。4.我認(rèn)為長時(shí)間坐在電腦前對(duì)眼睛沒有好處。5.我并不覺得你哥哥很健壯。1. I don’t think that Wang Ping is a good student.2. I don’t think he will come.3. I don’t think he will give up study.4. I don’t think it is good for your eyes to sit too long at a computer.5. I don’t think your elder brother is strong.13. It takes sb some time to do sth. 花費(fèi)某人…時(shí)間做某事1.他每周用兩個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間做家務(wù)。2.昨天他花了四個(gè)小時(shí)才到那兒。3.那道數(shù)學(xué)題真難,我花了2個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間才做出來。4.我每天步行去上班只需10分鐘。5.她花了3個(gè)月做這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。1. It takes him two hours every week to do the housework2. It took him four hours to get there yesterday.3. The math problem was so difficult that It took me two hours to work it out.4. It takes me only ten minutes to walk to office every day.5. It took her 3 months to do this experiment.14. It’s bad /good for… 對(duì)...有害處1.多喝水對(duì)你的健康有好處。2.吃太多的肉對(duì)你的身體有害。3.多喝牛奶對(duì)你的健康有好處。4.吃太多的快餐對(duì)身體不好。5.這種運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)你的病有好處。1. Drinking more water is good for your health.2. Eating too much meat is bad for your health.3. Drinking more milk is good for your body.4. Eating too much junk food is bad for your health.5. Such sport is good for your disease.15. It’s time for…/to do sth. 對(duì)于…來說是做…的時(shí)間了。1 .你該睡覺了。2.我們?cè)撟鲈绮倭恕?div style="height:15px;">3. 12點(diǎn)了。該吃午飯了。4.該回家了。5.開會(huì)的時(shí)間了。1. It’s time to go to bed.2. It’s time for us to do morning exercises.3. It's 12 o'clock It’s time to have lunch.4. It’s time to go home.5. It’s time to have meeting.16. keep sb. doing 讓某人一直做某事1.快點(diǎn)!不要讓他們等得太久。2.他的父母總是讓他堅(jiān)持彈鋼琴。3.我媽媽昨天讓我一直做作業(yè)。4.上次校長讓我等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。5.為什么你笑個(gè)不停?1. Hurry up! Don’t keep them waiting too long.2. His parents always keep him playing the piano3. My mother kept me doing my homework yesterday4. The headmaster kept me waiting for two hours last time.5. Why do you keep laughing all the time?17. not only…but also 不僅…而且….1.不僅僅是我想去動(dòng)物園,她也想去。2.不僅他在教室里,而且我們也在教室里。3.不僅他喜歡英語,而且我也喜歡英語。4.不僅你喜歡體育,而且他也喜歡體育。5.他們不僅在唱歌,而且還在跳舞。1. Not only I but also she would like to go to the zoo.2. Not only he but also we are in the classroom.3. Not only he but also I like English.4. Not only you but also he likes P.E.5. They are not only singing but also dancing18. not…until 直到…才.…1.爸爸昨天直到午夜才回來。2.昨天直到做完作業(yè),他才看電視。3.我昨天直到寫完作業(yè)才吃晚飯。4.直到雨停了,我才回家。5.直到Miss Li進(jìn)來了,他們才停止了說話。1. My father didn’t come back until midnight yesterday.2. Yesterday he didn’t watch TV until he finished his homework.3. I didn’t eat / have dinner until I finished doing my homework yesterday.4. I didn’t go home until it stopped raining.5. They didn’t stop talking until Miss Li came in.19. spend...on (in) doing sth. 在…方面花費(fèi)…1.湯姆每天花一個(gè)小時(shí)做家庭作業(yè)。2.露西花了50元買了這本字典。3.媽媽經(jīng)常告訴他不要在計(jì)算機(jī)游戲上花太多時(shí)間。4.我花了6000多元買這臺(tái)電視機(jī)。5.他把大部分錢都花在買書上。1. Tom. spends an hour doing his homework every day.2. Lucy spent fifty yuan on the dictionary3. Mother often tells him not to spend too much time on computers games4. I spent 6000 yuan on this TV set.5. He spends most of his money on books.20. stop/ prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事1.老師在盡力阻止學(xué)生進(jìn)網(wǎng)吧。2.我想我們應(yīng)該阻止人們?cè)诠矆?chǎng)所吸煙。3.嚴(yán)重的交通堵塞使得他沒能趕上最后一班火車。4.警察剛才阻止了那個(gè)男孩兒玩火。5.她父母正在阻止那個(gè)男孩見她。1.Teachers try to stop the students from going to the internet cafes.2. I think we should stop people from smoking in the public places.3. The serious traffic jam stopped him from catching the last train.4. The policeman stopped that boy from playing with fire just now.5. His parents are trying to stop that boy from seeing her.21. stop to do/doing 停下來去做某事1.當(dāng)老師進(jìn)來時(shí)學(xué)生停止講話了。2.韓小鵬在奧運(yùn)會(huì)之前從來沒有停止訓(xùn)練。3.老板讓工人一直干活直到所有工作完成。4.告訴她別休息,這個(gè)時(shí)候最重要。5.我媽媽經(jīng)常勸爸爸別抽煙了。1. The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.2. Han Xiaopeng has never stopped practicing before the Olympics.3. The boss kept the workers working all the time until they finished all the work.4. Tell him not to stop to rest; it’s the important moment now.5. My mother often advised father to stop smoking22. There is something wrong with… …出了問題/毛病1.我的自行車壞了。2.今天我遲到了是因?yàn)槲业氖直聿蛔吡恕?div style="height:15px;">3.我的肚子疼,不能跑步了。4.我的電腦又壞了。你能幫我修理一下嗎?5.我的鬧鐘壞了,所以我起晚了。1.There was something wrong with my bike.2.I was late because there was something wrong with my watch.3.There is something wrong my stomach so I can’t run any more.4.There is something wrong with my computer again. Could you help me mend it?5.There was something wrong with my alarm clock, so I got up late.23. What about…/How about…? …怎么樣呢?1.明天是周日,去遠(yuǎn)足怎么樣?2.你有計(jì)劃了嗎?去法國怎么樣?3.咱們工作了很久了,停下來休息一下,怎么樣?4.巴黎怎么樣?我認(rèn)為那是一個(gè)好地方。5.北京的夏天真熱,去游泳如何?1. Tomorrow is Sunday. What about going hiking?2. Have you made the plans? What about going toFrance?3. We’ve worked for a long time, what about stopping to have a rest?4. What about Paris? I think it’s a good place.5. It is hot in Beijing , what about going to swim?24. Why not…? 為什么不…呢?1.不要總看電視。何不出去打籃球?2.今晚我們何不吃些炸馬鈴薯片?3.你看起來很蒼白。何不多吃些肉?4.明天是湯姆的生日。何不給他買一張漂亮的卡片?5.何不讓孩子們做他們喜歡的事情?1. Don’t watch TV all the time. Why not go out and play basketball?2. Why not get fish and chips tonight?3. Your face is so pale. Why not eat more meat?4. It’s Tom’s birthday tomorrow. Why not buy/get a beautiful card for him?5. Why not let the children do what they like?25. Will (Would, Could) you please…?1.你能幫我搬箱子嗎?2.你能幫我澆花嗎?3.請(qǐng)你把那本書遞給我好嗎?4.我不在家的時(shí)候,你能幫我照看狗嗎?5.你能在英語方面幫助我嗎?1.Could/Would/Will you please carry the box for me?2.Could/Would/Will you please help me water the flowers?3.Will you please pass the book to me?4.Could you please look after my dog while I’m away?5.Could/Would/Will you please help me with English?【100個(gè)中國傳統(tǒng)文化名詞,你會(huì)用英語表達(dá)嗎?】剛過完元旦,還有一個(gè)多月就是農(nóng)歷春節(jié)了!你知道“農(nóng)歷”用英語怎么說嗎?還有元宵、除夕、重陽、臘八、對(duì)聯(lián)、冰糖葫蘆……不會(huì)說,怎么跟“歪果仁”傳遞中國文化?100個(gè)中國傳統(tǒng)文化相關(guān)的名詞,戳圖↓↓一起學(xué)起來!火速轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)收藏吧!
58句實(shí)用英語,上等的干貨趕緊來收!1.Did you stay up late last night? 昨晚你熬夜了?2.Let's fold up the futon. 把被子疊好3. You were snoring last night. 打呼嚕4. Did I keep you up? 影響你睡覺了嗎?5. I had a nightmare. 我做了個(gè)可怕的夢(mèng)6. You left the light on. 你一直沒關(guān)燈啊7.I'm still yawning. 我還打哈欠呢8. I have a hangover. 昨天的酒還沒醒呢9. I'm a morning person. 我喜歡早起。10. Coffee wakes me up.我是用咖啡來提神的11. Did you brush your teeth? 刷牙了嗎?12. I have to comb my hair. 我要梳頭了.13. What should I wear? 我該穿什么好呢?14. Let's play hooky today! 今天我們逃學(xué)吧15. You're wearing your sweater inside out.你毛衣穿反了。16. Don't forget to take out the garbage.別忘了扔垃圾啊.17. We're having a track and field meet. 今天我們開運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。田徑運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)18. If you don't hurry, we'll be late.你快點(diǎn),我們?cè)撨t到了.19. Did you lock the door?你鎖門了嗎?20. I have to rush! 我得趕緊走!21. It might rain today. 今天好像要下雨。22. Take your umbrella with you. 帶上傘吧23. Can I go out to play? 我可以出去玩會(huì)兒?jiǎn)幔?div style="height:15px;">24. We have some snacks. 吃點(diǎn)點(diǎn)心吧。25. I'm going to cram school now. 我去補(bǔ)習(xí)學(xué)校了啊*cram意為“填鴨式補(bǔ)習(xí)”26. May I have my allowance? 零花錢(能給我點(diǎn)零花錢嗎?)27. What would you like for dinner? 晚飯你想吃什么?28. Would you help me set the table?準(zhǔn)備餐具(你能幫我準(zhǔn)備餐具嗎?)29. It's good to be home. 還是家好哇30. It's been a long day. 今天真累呀!31. The bath is ready. 洗澡水燒好了。32.Today, we're having curry.今天吃咖哩飯.33. Shall we begin? 可以吃了嗎?34. This knife cuts well, doesn't it?這把刀真快??!35. Did you wash your hands well? 手洗干凈了嗎?36. Don't spill it! 別弄灑了(spill-_p發(fā)b音)37. Eat all of your vegetables.把碗里的菜吃光38. Finish up your plate. 把碗里的飯吃光。39. I don't like asparagus. 不喜歡吃蘆筍40.Don't be picky. 不許挑食。41. It was very delicious. Thank you.謝謝款待42. Would you clear the table?能幫我收拾盤子嗎?43. Do the dishes! 把盤子洗了!.44. It's not my turn. 今天不該我洗。45.Are there any good programs on TV? 有什么好看的電視節(jié)目嗎?46.Please turn off the alarm clock.能幫我關(guān)掉鬧鐘嗎?47.It's a nice day! 今天是個(gè)好天!48.Are you feeling sick? 你不舒服嗎?49.I'm a night person.我是個(gè)夜貓子50.It's upside down. 上下顛倒了。51. Aren't you forgetting something?你沒...吧(你沒忘什么東西吧?。?div style="height:15px;">52. I'm exhausted. 我精疲力盡了53. I have to go wash my face. 我得....去洗臉54. It's your turn to take out the garbage.今天該你扔垃圾了.55.I'm home! / I'm back! 我回來了。56. Take your umbrella with you. 帶上傘吧57. Have you got your lunch box?飯盒帶了嗎58. I'll dry the dishes. 我擦盤子【[推薦]超實(shí)用英語短語合集,記下來能讓你的英語上個(gè)臺(tái)階!】學(xué)了那么久的英語,交流起來還是一個(gè)單詞一個(gè)單詞往外蹦?其實(shí),記下一些簡(jiǎn)單又實(shí)用的短語,分分鐘就能讓你的英語高大上!account for 解釋、be tied up with 忙于、counter to 與某某相反……戳圖學(xué)習(xí)↓別讓你的英語再退化,轉(zhuǎn)起補(bǔ)課吧!
很多人把學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)成一個(gè)痛哭的過程,正是因?yàn)檫@種想法,學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)才沒有提高。我一直希望我的學(xué)生能夠在快樂,輕松,沒有壓力的環(huán)境下學(xué)習(xí),而我也一直把這當(dāng)成自己的教育理念。希望家長能同我攜手一同打造!學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)不斷積累的過程! 我一直堅(jiān)信,沒有學(xué)不好的孩子,只有不會(huì)學(xué)的孩子!情境法在英語語法教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用在整個(gè)英語的教學(xué)過程中,英語語法的教學(xué)是一個(gè)很重要的內(nèi)容。我們不能過分強(qiáng)調(diào)了語法的作用又絕對(duì)不能忽視必要的語法學(xué)習(xí)。然而,長期以來,在傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)法的影響下,很多老師都是為了語法而教語法,學(xué)生往往學(xué)了語法而不知道怎么用。因此,多年來,國內(nèi)外的專家學(xué)者一直都致力于發(fā)現(xiàn)一種有效地語法教學(xué)方法,因此相繼出現(xiàn)了多種語法教學(xué)法,如:歸納法、演繹法等。除此之外,情境教學(xué)法亦不失為一種好的語法教學(xué)方法。學(xué)生在一定的語境中通過語言實(shí)踐掌握語法規(guī)則,從而促進(jìn)言語技能的提高和初步運(yùn)用英語交際的能力。本文從情境法的出現(xiàn)展開,詳細(xì)闡述了其在語法教學(xué)中的地位及實(shí)現(xiàn)途徑,并強(qiáng)調(diào)了其在英語語法教學(xué)發(fā)展過程中的深遠(yuǎn)意義。關(guān)鍵詞:語法教學(xué);情境教學(xué);情景創(chuàng)設(shè);情景法How to Carry Out The Situation-teaching Method In Grammar TeachingABSTRACT:During the whole English teaching, grammar teaching should not be over valued and also should not be ignored for it’s an important part of English teaching.However, for a long time, the language teachers taught grammar for grammar because of the affection of the traditional teaching method. Thus, most of the students still don’t know how use the grammar knowledge in real situation. Therefore, a lot of savants and scholars have devoted themselves to searching for a right way of teaching grammar since many years. And there appear various grammar-teaching methods. For instant, inductive method and deductive method. In addition, situation-teaching method is also a good way of teaching grammar. The students master grammar principles from a certain situation by language practice so that improve their speech skill and their ability of commutating in English.In my article, launch from the appearance of situation-teaching method, it’s place in grammar teaching and the way of carrying it out will be discussed in detail. And it’s far-reaching meaning in English grammar teaching development will also be accentuated.Key words: grammar teaching:; situation-teaching; situation designation; situation method1. 情境法在英語教學(xué)中的出現(xiàn)縱觀現(xiàn)代外語教學(xué)法的主要流派就可以看出情景教學(xué)的運(yùn)用和發(fā)展。19世紀(jì)90年代出現(xiàn)在德國、法國的直接法就主張用實(shí)物、動(dòng)作來培養(yǎng)外語的思維能力。20世紀(jì)50年代產(chǎn)生在法國的情景法主張廣泛利用幻燈、電影等電器設(shè)備來進(jìn)行外語教學(xué)。60年代產(chǎn)生在美國的認(rèn)知法也要求廣泛運(yùn)用電化教具創(chuàng)設(shè)視聽情景,組織聽說操練,促使外語教學(xué)意義化、情景化和交際化。70年代初產(chǎn)生的功能法(交際法)認(rèn)為語言交際活動(dòng)總是在特定的情境中進(jìn)行和完成的。1997年,由美國克拉申和泰勒倡導(dǎo)的習(xí)得、監(jiān)控理論的自然法,它主張?jiān)诖藭r(shí)此地的情景中進(jìn)行交際。由此可見,從直接法到自然法,雖各有其特色和片面性,但在處理情境與語言知識(shí)的關(guān)系上,都強(qiáng)調(diào)了在情境中傳授和綜合運(yùn)用語言知識(shí)(章兼中,1997)。80年代中期,Long ,Cookes, Willis和Nunan 提出的任務(wù)型教學(xué)法也要求在盡可能真實(shí)的情境中完成學(xué)習(xí)語言的任務(wù)。在我國1948年創(chuàng)辦《英語教學(xué)》刊物的主編張士一推廣用直接法。此外他還提出情景原則:“學(xué)習(xí)語言是學(xué)習(xí)一種對(duì)于情景的反應(yīng),教學(xué)一種語言是教學(xué)一種對(duì)于情景的反應(yīng)?!彼岢觯骸鞍亚榫霸瓌t應(yīng)用到英語教材上去,在實(shí)際教學(xué)中要充分利用留聲機(jī)、幻燈、電影等創(chuàng)設(shè)情境?!?0年代,視聽法傳入我國。70年代亞歷山大的視聽法教材《新概念英語》傳入我國后,許多學(xué)校都把它作為聽力或精讀教材,由此,學(xué)生的聽說和寫的能力得到了提高。同時(shí)根據(jù)教材的特點(diǎn),揚(yáng)長避短,創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,培養(yǎng)語言的實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力。1978年采用兼收并蓄的結(jié)構(gòu)-情境-交際法,它要求從基本的語言結(jié)構(gòu)入手,通過情境性的語言操作,學(xué)會(huì)并掌握實(shí)際交際中的使用語言的本領(lǐng)。80年代后,我國出現(xiàn)了整體性教學(xué)的研究。90年代,章兼中總結(jié)出了情景,結(jié)構(gòu)、規(guī)則、功能(交際法),它要求學(xué)生在情境中學(xué)習(xí)聽說理解能力,掌握語音的意義、結(jié)構(gòu)、規(guī)律和運(yùn)用語言的能力,并在此基礎(chǔ)上培養(yǎng)理解、掌握書面語言的能力。2000年,新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)頒布之后,就一直推行任務(wù)型教學(xué)。[龍文珍 中學(xué)英語情景教學(xué)的設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)用[D] 華東師范大學(xué) 2003:1-2]2. 情境法在英語語法教學(xué)中的作用人類語言學(xué)家都強(qiáng)調(diào)語言和它的社會(huì)環(huán)境的聯(lián)系性和不可分離性。人們運(yùn)用語言進(jìn)行交際時(shí),離不開語言情景,因此,外語作為我們的第二外語,本身就缺乏語言習(xí)得環(huán)境就更需要情境設(shè)置了。作為一名英語教師就應(yīng)該借助實(shí)物、圖像等各種手段合理設(shè)置情境,為學(xué)生提供在課堂上使用語言的機(jī)會(huì)。同時(shí)把要學(xué)的語法、詞法知識(shí)等內(nèi)容及語言技巧融會(huì)于語言情景中。學(xué)生只有在真實(shí)的情景中才能更好地掌握知識(shí)。 龍文珍 中學(xué)英語情景教學(xué)的設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)用 華東師范大學(xué) 2003:2-3NUNAN(1999)曾說:“根據(jù)語言習(xí)得的規(guī)律,語法知識(shí)的記憶不能保證語言使用的正確,必須有大量語言的輸入才能使得學(xué)生掌握學(xué)習(xí)的語言。即使語言學(xué)生已經(jīng)能背誦語法的規(guī)則,仍然不一定能在實(shí)際使用時(shí)正確地運(yùn)用?!睂W(xué)習(xí)者能理解一項(xiàng)語法規(guī)則與他們是否能內(nèi)化并運(yùn)用這項(xiàng)規(guī)則并不是一回事。學(xué)習(xí)者實(shí)際上需要的是不僅有在不同情景的及不同語境反復(fù)接觸含有這項(xiàng)語法規(guī)則的實(shí)踐機(jī)會(huì),而且他們還需要在不同的情境中使用這些固定的表達(dá)方式,從而逐漸發(fā)展自己的語言系統(tǒng)。 [龍文珍 中學(xué)英語情景教學(xué)的設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)用 華東師范大學(xué) 2003:4]然而傳統(tǒng)的語言教學(xué)方法使語法教學(xué)遠(yuǎn)離了學(xué)生生活實(shí)際,使語法成了空洞的死的條條框框。情境教學(xué)已成為教學(xué)方法的主流。這就要求我們的語法教學(xué)力求情境化。由于學(xué)生的想象力存在著個(gè)性差異,教學(xué)在向?qū)W生介紹抽象的語法現(xiàn)象時(shí),不同的學(xué)生頭腦中會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出不同的畫面,自己就給該語法項(xiàng)目的教學(xué)造成了一定的障礙。這時(shí)老師就可以創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)較真實(shí)的情境,使抽象的概念形象化。[郭增才 王仁生 創(chuàng)設(shè)語言情景 改進(jìn)英語語法教學(xué)山東教育 1997(4):64-66]3. 有效實(shí)現(xiàn)情境法在英語語法教學(xué)中的途徑3.1. 模擬情境3.1.1. 利用實(shí)物 創(chuàng)設(shè)情境實(shí)物是最常用的直觀教具,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)利用那些易于準(zhǔn)備和便于攜帶的實(shí)物,特別是要充分利用教室里的人和物密切結(jié)合教材內(nèi)容巧設(shè)情境。在講到“What is…?”和“Is that…?”的句型的時(shí)候,老師可以隨機(jī)應(yīng)變地指著教室里現(xiàn)有的實(shí)物,如桌子、椅子等進(jìn)行提問:老師問:What is this? 學(xué)生答:This is a desk.老師問:What is that? 學(xué)生答:That is a chair.老師問:Is that a ruler? 學(xué)生答:Yes, it is.老師問:Is this Lily’s English book? 學(xué)生答:No, it’s is Lucy’s.這樣,學(xué)生的注意力被吸引過來了,并且自覺地參加了老師的一問一答中來,可以取得預(yù)期的教學(xué)目的,令大多數(shù)學(xué)生能掌握該語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)并能正確運(yùn)用之。又如在教授“must have done”這個(gè)語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)時(shí),老師可以結(jié)合實(shí)物給出以下句子:The ground is wet. It must have rained heavily.然后說:The windows of our classroom are very clean. Someone must have cleaned them.總結(jié)出“must have done”是對(duì)過去所做的事情作出肯定的推測(cè)。接著給學(xué)生一點(diǎn)提示:Our classroom is dark..學(xué)生就會(huì)說:Someone must have turned off the lights.老師給出另外一個(gè)語境:The door of our classroom are open.學(xué)生:Someone must have opened them .3.1.2. 利用圖示 創(chuàng)設(shè)情境圖示可以使抽象的語言文字形象化,也可使枯燥煩瑣的語法教條生動(dòng)化,讓學(xué)生容易理解、接受。在復(fù)習(xí)比較級(jí)的時(shí)候,拿出準(zhǔn)備好的圖片展示給同學(xué)們看,然后要求用同學(xué)們用自己的話來描述圖片中的人物。比如展示出的人物圖片有比爾·蓋茨、克林頓、布什總統(tǒng)、喬丹、羅納爾多、劉德華、布蘭妮等。說到比爾·蓋茨的時(shí)候,學(xué)生的描述道:He is like Harry Potter. He is the richest man in the world. He is good at making money. He has many companies.說到喬丹,男生的話更多了:He is the best basketball player in the world. I like him best. He is taller than anyone else in our school. 這些簡(jiǎn)單的句子已經(jīng)完全超越了課本。雖然學(xué)生在表達(dá)上還會(huì)有不完美的地方,但強(qiáng)烈的表現(xiàn)欲望已經(jīng)使他們充滿自信,沉浸在學(xué)習(xí)的快樂中。[李艷君 激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣方法談J 中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究 2003,(8):22-25]同時(shí),教師也可以在課堂上即興畫出簡(jiǎn)筆畫,根據(jù)圖畫的內(nèi)容來練習(xí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。教師邊畫邊說,學(xué)生也跟著說。例如,教師在黑板上畫出了一個(gè)小女孩跳舞的簡(jiǎn)筆畫,教師說:She is dancing.學(xué)生跟著讀:She is dancing.教師又在黑板上畫出一女孩畫畫的簡(jiǎn)筆畫,然后說:She is drawing.學(xué)生跟著:She is drawing.讓學(xué)生利用視覺使現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)具體化了,加深印象。3.1.3. 利用多媒體 創(chuàng)設(shè)情境在英語教學(xué)中,運(yùn)用錄像、投影、幻燈、錄音等電化教學(xué)手段,能為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造一種悅目、悅耳、悅心的英語交際情景。它形象生動(dòng),聲像結(jié)合,圖文并茂,學(xué)生懷著輕松愉快的心情積極參加眼看、耳聽、口說、手寫、動(dòng)腦的學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng),極大地調(diào)動(dòng)了他們的積極性,從而更自覺、更有趣地進(jìn)行英語語言交際活動(dòng)。[沈金平 情景教學(xué)十法 中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究 1996,(2):20-21.] 以“have + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語 ”(由分詞充當(dāng))教學(xué)為例,對(duì)這一句型舉這樣兩組例句并配以動(dòng)畫呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生。He had the light burning.(一個(gè)人睡著了,燈還亮著)The man had his bike stolen.(小偷偷走了主人的自行車)學(xué)生很快便可判斷賓語補(bǔ)足語是動(dòng)作的必出者還是被動(dòng)者,是進(jìn)行延續(xù)狀態(tài)還是已發(fā)生的情況。隨后,針對(duì)這一語言新知,利用多媒體計(jì)算機(jī)將課前準(zhǔn)備好的若干組練習(xí)調(diào)出來,在短時(shí)間內(nèi)為學(xué)生提供較為豐富的練習(xí)機(jī)會(huì),鞏固對(duì)新知識(shí)的掌握、運(yùn)用。對(duì)此,不僅節(jié)省了教師寫板書的時(shí)間,增加了課堂信息量,還使教師主動(dòng)掌握學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)情況,以及時(shí)調(diào)整教學(xué)節(jié)奏。有譬如,在講授英語虛擬語氣時(shí),要表達(dá)“與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的非真實(shí)條件句” 時(shí),向?qū)W生呈現(xiàn)了一個(gè)老人氣喘噓噓地追趕一個(gè)小偷,彼此時(shí)有一段距離的圖像,同時(shí)播放老人發(fā)出的感慨“If I were a young man, I could catch him.” 并將句子呈現(xiàn)在動(dòng)畫上方。通過視聽結(jié)合的信息刺激學(xué)生大腦,使他們?nèi)菀桌斫膺@一抽象語法規(guī)律。接著在電腦上鍵入幾組與所示畫面內(nèi)容有關(guān)的非真實(shí)條件句,學(xué)生經(jīng)過一定量感知后,按要求將條件內(nèi)容加入替換,使學(xué)生能回答:If I had a gun,... If I drove a car,...If a policeman helped me,...If I ran faster,...通過這樣的介紹、操練,學(xué)生初步了解了非真實(shí)條件句中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài),為深入學(xué)習(xí)其它幾種虛擬語氣奠定基礎(chǔ)。之后,再附上幾組或選擇填空或括號(hào)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞展開,或辨析正誤等形式的練習(xí),使學(xué)生在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)就能完成這些練習(xí),進(jìn)一步加深理解、記憶。在這種特有的環(huán)境中,借助多媒體計(jì)算機(jī)反復(fù)練習(xí)重難點(diǎn),反復(fù)運(yùn)用重難點(diǎn),這樣,難點(diǎn)就不難,重點(diǎn)也就名副其實(shí)的重點(diǎn)了。3.1.4. 利用語言描述 創(chuàng)設(shè)情境在語法課堂當(dāng)中,語言描述也是一條重要途徑。因?yàn)橐苍S老師不在行畫簡(jiǎn)筆畫,課前也沒什么時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備圖片或幻燈片,語言的每靠書就在此時(shí)發(fā)揮作用。描述情景的時(shí)候,語言要盡可能簡(jiǎn)潔易懂,盡量用學(xué)生學(xué)過的詞語并伴以表情,繪聲繪色使學(xué)生進(jìn)入情境。復(fù)習(xí)過去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)候,老師如下給出描述:There was a robbery in the neighborhood. A policeman was asking some questions to three of the neighbors (A, B, C) to find out what they were doing between 4:00-6:00 yesterday afternoon. A was at work and came back at 6:30 p.m., didn’t see anybody. B was a student who came back at 4:30 p.m., saw a tall young man going up stairs… C was an old man, stayed at home, heard some strange noise at 5:00 p.m. and came out to find a tall young man… 該段語言描述簡(jiǎn)潔易懂,故事情節(jié)引人入勝,充分吸引了學(xué)生的興趣,在娛樂的同時(shí)又鞏固的過去時(shí)態(tài)的用法,一舉兩得。3.2. 扮演角色將角色扮演理論應(yīng)用在教學(xué)上,即為“角色扮演教學(xué)模式”(the teaching model of role play),即在設(shè)計(jì)的情景中應(yīng)用角色扮演技巧,并在扮演后以討論的方式探討人與人以及人與社會(huì)關(guān)系問題的一種教學(xué)策略,系由謝夫特姐弟二人(Shaftels, Frannie & George,1967)所建立的。[梁躍天角色扮演教學(xué)模式初探 L 中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究 1999增刊:14-16]例如,為了使學(xué)生掌握這個(gè)句型:當(dāng)句子以“This is my first / second time…time”開頭時(shí),后面的從句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),教師想要通過學(xué)生的角色扮演反復(fù)練習(xí)這個(gè)句型,為了控制活動(dòng)的順利進(jìn)行,教師可先給學(xué)生下面的提示:SarahNot first visit toLast visit inHangzhou1998, went to take part in the English speech contest2001, went to visit her aunt with her parents2003, went on holiday with her friends教師可先解釋“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”和“一般過去時(shí)”,然后讓學(xué)生分角色演繹出以下的對(duì)話:A: This is the first time you’ve been in Hangzhou, isn’t it?B: No. This is my third time.A: When did you go there last time?B: In 2001. I went to visit my aunt there with my parents.學(xué)生在理解了對(duì)話中體現(xiàn)的兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別以后,教師就可以要求學(xué)生根據(jù)給出的提示,兩人一組的扮演角色練習(xí)。這種角色練習(xí),雖然學(xué)生在練習(xí)中扮演不同的角色,但學(xué)生會(huì)相當(dāng)注意在練習(xí)中剛學(xué)會(huì)的句型。3.3. 開展游戲語法學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)長期而又較為枯燥的過程,學(xué)習(xí)者需要不斷地記憶、理解才能學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用所習(xí)得的知識(shí)。許多語言教學(xué)工作者設(shè)法通過各種各樣的途徑來驅(qū)除語法學(xué)習(xí)的單調(diào)和枯燥。教學(xué)游戲就是其中重要方法之一。游戲使人們獲得心理平衡,保持身心健康的娛樂活動(dòng)。習(xí)得教育學(xué)歷來把游戲作為傳播知識(shí)、培養(yǎng)技能、教書育人的重要手段之一。比如在講“May have+過去分詞個(gè)介詞短語”這個(gè)句型后,可安排這樣的游戲:把學(xué)生分成五組,每組五人,每組有一個(gè)組長。組長對(duì)組員說:I’ve lost my purse. Where can it be? 組員之一要求用這一句型回答他:You may have left it at home.組長對(duì)不同的組員需要不同的內(nèi)容,而組員也需要用不同的地點(diǎn)來回答組長的提問。如組長可能會(huì)問: I’ve lost my key. Where could I dropped it/can I find it? 組員可回答:You may left it in the bathroom/in the door.通過這種游戲,學(xué)生會(huì)積極主動(dòng)地運(yùn)用所學(xué)的句型,加深對(duì)他理解和記憶。4. 情境法對(duì)英語語法教學(xué)未來發(fā)展的影響把情境法運(yùn)用到英語語法教學(xué)當(dāng)中去是語法教學(xué)過程中的一個(gè)新突破。它使抽象的語法教學(xué)具體化,使條條框框的語法規(guī)則形象化,使枯燥的語法課生動(dòng)化。必將把語法教學(xué)帶入一個(gè)新的境界。當(dāng)然,除此之外,還有其它一些也很具有影響力的語法教學(xué)法??傊虩o定法,教必有法,貴在得法。任何一種行之有效的教學(xué)模式都不是一成不變的,每一位成功的教師都有自己的獨(dú)到之處,但都必須具備這樣一個(gè)特點(diǎn),即:能最大限度地激 發(fā)學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性,挖掘和釋放學(xué)生的潛能和才華,讓學(xué)生做學(xué)習(xí)的主人。只有這樣,一節(jié)課才能被稱之為好課,教師才能被認(rèn)為是合格的教師;只有這樣,才能培養(yǎng)出“會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)、 會(huì)生存、會(huì)創(chuàng)造、會(huì)開拓、高素質(zhì)”的新型的跨世紀(jì)人才。[參考文獻(xiàn)][1] 龍文珍.中學(xué)英語情景教學(xué)的設(shè)計(jì)與運(yùn)用[D].華東師范大學(xué).2003.[2] 郭增才 王仁生.創(chuàng)設(shè)語言情景 改進(jìn)英語語法教學(xué).山東教育,1997,(4):64-66.[3] 李艷君.激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣方法談[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,2003,(8):22-25.[4] 梁躍天.角色扮演教學(xué)模式初探[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,1999,增刊:14-16.[5] 田式國.英語教學(xué)理論與實(shí)踐[M].高等教育出版社,2001.[6] 鄒燕 王娟.我國外語教學(xué)“費(fèi)時(shí)低效”之我見[A].張后塵主編.外語教學(xué)研究[C].西北大學(xué)出版社,2002.[7] 張正東.外語教學(xué)技巧新論[M].科學(xué)出版社,1999.[8] 戚亞軍.運(yùn)用真實(shí)情境進(jìn)行外語教學(xué)的實(shí)踐[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,1998,(6):34-35.[9] 章英.情景輕易結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則交際法和傳統(tǒng)演繹法的語法教學(xué)[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,1997,(1):26-28.[10] 黃愛鈴 齊捷鋒.課堂教學(xué)情境的創(chuàng)設(shè)[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,2003,(7):27-30.[11] 梁躍天.角色扮演教學(xué)模式初探[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,1999增刊:14-16.[12] 沈金平.情景教學(xué)十法[J].中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究,1996,(2):20-21.[13] 陳曉靜.淺談初中英語語法教學(xué)[J].新疆教育學(xué)院報(bào),2000,(3):67-71.[14] 張惠珍.初中英語語法教學(xué)意見[J].淮北煤師院(社會(huì)科學(xué)版),最全面的英語學(xué)習(xí)方法,英語老師都說整理得好,收藏!對(duì)于中小學(xué)英語的學(xué)習(xí),語法是最基礎(chǔ)的。打好了基礎(chǔ)才能更上一層樓。我們都知道,語法是英語學(xué)習(xí)中最難的:需要記憶的東西很多,相似度非常高,記憶力不好的同學(xué)總是會(huì)記混。針對(duì)于這個(gè)情況,小編特地將一些容易混淆的語法整理出來,供大家參考。