而phd 是Doctor of Philosophy的縮寫，也就是不管是搞什么科學(xué)的，其基本要求是在某一方面達(dá)到了哲學(xué)的高度和思想深度，才能授予博士學(xué)位，而不僅僅是技術(shù)達(dá)到了一個水平，所以現(xiàn)在很多西方國家對理工科博士授予哲學(xué)博士學(xué)位，以認(rèn)可他在某領(lǐng)域方面達(dá)到了思想上的哲學(xué)高度。 因而毫不奇怪，博士為什么焦作phd
這個問題還真很有意思。 我看到的是： 1）Doctor of Philosophy是哲學(xué)博士，它范指很多工學(xué),理學(xué)和文史的博士，而理學(xué)博士是Doctor of Science。 2）這個是因為以前的時候只有哲學(xué)（哲學(xué)包含了所有的科學(xué)），后來自然科學(xué)從哲學(xué)中分出來。后來西方有了大學(xué)，但是還是很多人選擇哲學(xué)，我們也可以知道西方涌現(xiàn)一大批的哲學(xué)家。所以那時候幾乎所有的博士都是學(xué)哲學(xué)，就叫著doctor of philosophy。隨著工業(yè)革命帶來的發(fā)展，越來越多的人學(xué)自然科學(xué)，但是這個稱號一直沒有變。所以現(xiàn)在在國外的博士證書還是延用Phd這個稱呼。
博主回復(fù)(2014-1-20 15:03)：謝謝李老師點評！ 據(jù)我的粗淺了解，“Doctor of Science”中的Science含義更接近于“學(xué)科”，而不是一般的狹義“科學(xué)”。 亞里士多德以來的“大哲學(xué)”確實包羅萬象，伽利略之后就逐漸與實驗科學(xué)分化了 。
對于“Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] ” 這句，引自 Anthony Quinton (1995). "The ethics of philosophical practice". In T. Honderich, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 666. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0. "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
盡管不管他人的意見、建議、以及你的不認(rèn)同好了，但還是要恭喜你已陷入了哲學(xué)的坑。
博主回復(fù)(2014-1-20 15:08)：謝謝點評。 但請注意：我不是“盡管不管他人的意見、建議”，而是不相信“維基的”權(quán)威性（相信這也是科學(xué)網(wǎng)人士都有的共識），請看我對李慶祥博友的答復(fù)及以下一個點評： [1]張永祥 2014-1-20 14:56 Newton's Principia mathematica allows scientists to write down mathematial descriptions of Nature and use them to caclulate what Newton called "the system of the world". He expressed his ideas in terms of classical Euclidean geometry, but behind the scenes,the work was informed by a new area of mathematics: differential equations, which was a natural outgrowth of his idea on calculus. This leads to the following the concept of a deterministic universe. 博主回復(fù)(2014-1-20 14:58)：謝謝參與。 這段英文很好，也與我已了解的信息完全吻合。 （見于《牛頓《自然哲學(xué)》與“巨人肩膀”暗藏譏諷？不需要“人”的假設(shè)？》）
