“七選五”題型的命題分析
“七選五”型閱讀理解題，試題模式為：給出一篇缺少五個句子的文章，對應(yīng)有七個選項，要求同學們根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容，選出正確的句子，填入相應(yīng)的空白處?！犊荚囌f明》對該題型命題目的的表述為“主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握?！?該題型要求同學們從整體上把握文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容上的聯(lián)系，理解句子之間、段落之間的關(guān)系，對諸如連貫性、一致性等語段特征有較強的意識和熟練的把握。
七選五的解題步驟
1）在閱讀過程中，要注意文章的開始與結(jié)束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因為“開門見山”與“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”的寫作方式為常見的寫作方式，首段的末句一般是全文的主題所在，說明本文將探討哪些內(nèi)容，并簡要指出文章的寫作思路，有時甚至會以提綱的形式進行呈現(xiàn)。首段的末句對于快速掌握文章的主題具有重要意義，如果它是文章的主題句，就可以使讀者迅速明確文章情節(jié)將如何展開，并對文章的寫作主題有了整體的了解。如果末句不是主題句，則需要繼續(xù)尋找。這時，可以考慮文章的寫作方式是否為“結(jié)尾總結(jié)”式，如兩者均可排除，則需在文章中其他段落尋找主題句，但要注意首段與末段的提示作用。
2）邊讀邊做題，重點閱讀各個問題附近的句子，圈定線索詞，然后從選項中尋找相關(guān)的特征詞，以確定答案。做題時可以采用代入排除法。如果一題做不出或拿不準，可先放過，繼續(xù)往下讀，先做容易的能做出的題，直到讀完整篇文章。至此，文章的要點和主旨、各個段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)基本清楚了。將所選項放入空白處，看看是否與上下文構(gòu)成語義及邏輯上的直接關(guān)系，是否符合該處語境。能否承接前后的寫作線索。使文章無論內(nèi)容還是銜接上都能做到通順。
一篇文章作為一個整體，是有其寫作的線索與思路的，在選項定位中，要尤其注意文章的寫作線索，文章的寫作思路的連貫使文章的每個段落、每個句子甚至每個短語均融為一體。如果代入選項后，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章寫作線索中斷或是前后矛盾，應(yīng)更換其它選項。
3）在完成選項定位后，應(yīng)通讀全文，檢查文章內(nèi)容是否完整，語義是否連貫合理、各段落內(nèi)容是否緊扣主題，語篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否通順連貫、具有一致性、合乎邏輯，寫作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用語是否恰當貼切，從而判斷選擇的答案是否正確。同時，我們還應(yīng)注意對相近選項的對比分析，個別干擾項由于與某個正確選項的內(nèi)容相近具有很強的干擾性，這時就需要我們認真分析，仔細甄別，排除干擾，從而得出正確選項。
要特別注意，除非有充分的理由否定向前的選擇，否則不要倉促更改。只要前兩步投入了精力，動了腦筋，第一印象往往可信度很高。
七選五的解題策略
1）從意思上判斷
在做題時最重要的是要讀懂空白前后的句子，明白這幾句話的確切意思，然后根據(jù)意思的連貫性或邏輯性從選項中選取正確答案。在讀懂意思的基礎(chǔ)上，再利用線索特征詞等進一步確認答案。
2）從詞匯上鎖定線索
做題時很重要的一點是保持對一些線索詞的敏感，最主要的線索特征詞是空白前后的名詞和動詞，尋找答案時注意在選項中查找同義詞、近義詞、反義詞或表示同一類事物的詞語等。其次是代詞、數(shù)詞、表示時間/年代的詞、地點/名稱等專有名詞等。尤其是在讀不懂句子的情況下，利用這樣的線索詞尋找答案是很有效的方法。
3）從關(guān)聯(lián)詞上查找
由于英語的句段之間經(jīng)常會運用關(guān)聯(lián)詞表示銜接和過渡，使文章邏輯更清楚和連貫，因此文章中和選項中表示各種邏輯關(guān)系的路標性信號詞在選擇答案時都是很重要的線索。 在做題時可將這三個層面的線索很好地結(jié)合起來。例如，在看到表示并列或遞進關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞時，一般表示前后句子的名詞或句意具有同指性；而表示轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系的詞則往往表示前后句子的名詞同指，但句意對立，或褒貶對立或肯否對立；而表示例證關(guān)系的詞則意味著在舉例之前或之后有表述概念或某一觀點的句子，往往會有復(fù)數(shù)名詞出現(xiàn)。常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有下面這些：
(a)并列與遞進關(guān)系：and, or, also，neither…nor…,either…or…, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same …as, besides, moreover, in addition to ,what is more
(b)因果關(guān)系：because, for, since, as, therefore, so, so…that, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, for this reason, of course
(c)轉(zhuǎn)折讓步關(guān)系：but, however, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, rather than, instead of, it is true that, of course, although, though, even though, even if
(d)時間關(guān)系： at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with，in the mean time, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with以及一些具體的時間。
4. 根據(jù)試題所在的不同位置確定不同的解題策略
1)如果問題在段首
(a)通常是段落主題句。認真閱讀后文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞，推斷出主題句。
(b)與后文是并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系等。著重閱讀后文第一兩句，鎖定線索信號詞，然后在選項中查找相關(guān)特征詞。通常正確答案的最后一句與空白后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的，因此這兩句間會有某種的銜接手段。
(c)段落間的過渡句。這時要前瞻后望找啟示，即閱讀上一段結(jié)尾部分，通常正確答案與上一段結(jié)尾有機地銜接起來，并結(jié)合下一段內(nèi)容，看所選的答案是否將兩段內(nèi)容連貫起來。
2)如果問題在段尾
(a)空白前的一句或兩句是重點語句，重點閱讀以鎖定關(guān)鍵詞。
(b)通常是結(jié)論、概括性語句。注意在選項中查找表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信號詞，如therefore, as a result, in a word等詞語，選項中也可發(fā)現(xiàn)前文的同義詞句。
(c)與前文是轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系。此時要注意在選項中查找表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，同時注意選項中所講內(nèi)容是否與前文在同一主題上形成對立、對比關(guān)系。
(d)與前文是并列或排比關(guān)系。在這種情況下，通常是該段落要求補全說明本段主題的其他細節(jié)，因此根據(jù)段落一致性原則，在原文和選項中找到相關(guān)的特征詞，通常在選項中會出現(xiàn)表示并列/遞進關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞或與前文類似的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，或出現(xiàn)同義詞等其他信號線索。前面的一句與正確答案的第一句是緊密相連的。要特別注意閱讀這樣相連的兩句，通常會找到關(guān)鍵的線索詞句。
(e)所選答案是引出下一段的內(nèi)容。如果在選項中找不出與前文之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，此時可考慮與下一段開頭是否有一定的銜接。認真閱讀下一段開頭幾句，看是否與選項的最后一句緊密連接起來。
(f)如果第一段的段尾是空白，要認真閱讀，看此處是細節(jié)還是主題。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題，如果在段尾提出主題，會用一些信號詞如轉(zhuǎn)折詞引出來，正確答案中應(yīng)有這樣的特征詞。
實戰(zhàn)演練：
請先閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容從下面方框內(nèi)的七個選項中，選擇五個還原到文中，使補全后的短文意思通順，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。
（A）
China has experienced serious problems with wasted food in recent years. CCTV reported that the food Chinese people waste every year is enough to feed 200 million people for a year.
1 Certainly not. According to the UN World Food Program, there were 925 million hungry people around the world in 2010, especially in developing countries. 2
Chinese people are well known for being hospitable (好客的) and generous. Many even feel that they lose face if their guests have eaten all the food on the table.
3 In a restaurant in Xinjiang, the owner gives the guests who have eaten all that they ordered a card. People can enjoy a free meal when they have 10 cards. More than 750 restaurants in Beijing have begun to offer smaller dishes and encourage their guests to take leftovers (剩飯剩菜) home.
What should we do in our daily life to waste less food? Here are some tips:
Do not order too much in a restaurant. 4__ If you cannot eat all the food you ordered, take the rest of it home.
Don’t be too picky (挑剔的) about food. 5
Keep an eye on what food you have at home. Don’t buy too much, especially for vegetables and fruit.
A. The world has enough food and water.
B. Only order as much as you want to eat.
C. Six million children die of hunger every year.
D. Some food may not taste great, but your body needs it.
E. Luckily, a number of people have realized the importance of saving food.
F. Do we have too much food?
G. food is important to us all.
1._________ 2.________ 3._______ 4._________ 5.__________
（B）
'The Chinese Dream' is a hot topic of this year. Many Chinese young people are inspired by the Chinese Dream. ____1__They give us courage and confidence to keep us going through difficulties. Here is some advice on how to realize our beautiful dreams.
Never giving up is the key to make our dreams come true. _____2_____ but we can learn from failure, correct our mistakes and try again until we achieve our goals. Our life is like a long journey which is not all roses. _____3____We believe rainbows will appear after storms.
___4______Everyone likes a person who is good at cooperating with others. Besides, in our society most problems can't be solved by one person alone. Cooperation is becoming one of the most important ways for people living in the developing society.
At the same time, we should learn to examine our abilities because it helps us know our advantages and disadvantages as well as get a full control of ourselves. ____5_____
Follow the suggestions above, and our dreams are sure to come true.
A. Everyone has their own dreams.
B. Cooperation is also necessary.
C．Failure is the mother of success,
D．Then we may be confident enough to face challenges.
E．We meet challenges every day and we need to solve them.
F．We may fail from time to time,
G.. It sometimes has wind and rain.
1._________ 2.________ 3._______ 4._________ 5.__________
(C)
The most important exam for the students in Junior Three is coming in a month. The result of the exam will decide which high school the students will go to. Good grades must belong to the students who study hard. ___1____And so are their teachers and parents.
__2____She got good grades in the final exams last year. I hope her experience will be helpful. Here is what Li Mei said when she was interviewed:
__3__. Don’t waste any of them. I used to be poor in English in the first term of Junior 3. It was hard for me to spell the words correctly. But I didn’t give it up. I read textbooks on the bus to and from school. I worked hard at home and sometimes burned the midnight oil. _4___ During the last term, I tried my best to improve it by listening to the teacher carefully in class and going over what I had learnt after class. _5__ Because of my hard work, I got good grades in English in the big exam.
A. My teacher once told me to be more careful.
B. I spent most of my time on English
C．Today, I invite Li Mei, who is right now studying in Senior 1.
D．So Many students are under too much pressure and worried about the exam.
E．If I were given another chance, I would do much better.
F．I knew I must make progress in it because it makes up 20% of the final English exam.
G.. My experience is that for Junior 3,every minute is important.
1._________ 2.________ 3._______ 4._________ 5.__________
自我檢測：
A smile will tell people around you that you are a kind and friendly person. ___1____For example, one of my classmates, Mike, doesn't have very nice teeth, so that is why he seldom opens his mouth. __2___So it is very important for us to look after our teeth.
In fact, a lot of people have this problem. Some people inherit(繼承) teeth problems from their parents, while others' teeth are damaged because of bad habits, like heavy smoking, eating too much sugar or not brushing teeth often. ___3___They can help improve your teeth and tell you how to take care of them.
Smiling can help you to feel more confident and make other people think of you as a more friendly person. ____4____An Indian doctor called Kataria said that young children should laugh about 300 times a day, while adults should laugh between 7 and 15 times a day. ____5____
A. If' you want to keep healthy, you should not only smile but also laugh.
B. What teeth problem do they have?
C．If your teeth are in bad shape, you should go to see dentists and ask them for help.
D．So please take this chance to smile and laugh now!
E．Smile and laugh are different.
F．However, many people don't smile because they think they have ugly teeth.
G.. He even says that he has lost confidence because of his teeth.
1._________ 2.________ 3._______ 4._________ 5.__________
補充材料：（一）
A. They are all bad for people’s health
B. If you are over-weight and want to lose weight (減肥),
C. Many people like playing sports
D. you should eat healthy foods about 95% of the time,
E. Junk food is bad for health
F. Eating fruit is good for your health
G. Firstly, it is cheap to make.
Junk food has lots of fat (脂肪), salt and sugar. 1.__________Hamburgers, hots dogs, Friench fries, cola and ice-cream are all junk food!
Junk food is popular in the world . Why? 2._________ Second, it is fast and easy for people to eat. Third, many people, including children, like it because it tastes good. Lastly, most junk food has food additives (添加劑). So it looks and tastes better, and can be kept for a long time.
3._________It makes people overweight (超重), and brings many other health problems.
It’s OK to have junk food now and then (偶爾). 4.________you’d better not eat it or try to eat less. If you are active and play sports very often, you can have some after you have much healthy food.
Junk food still has some nutrients and is a small part of a balanced diet. 5.________ and then eat 5% of junk food.
(二)
One day, some successful men got tegether and went to visit their old teacher.
A.The secret of happiness is to be active
B.They are just tools to hold,
C.and the plain and cheap ones were left
D.some are expensive but some are cheap.
E.Soon they talked about the stress (壓力) in work and life and became unhappy.
F.No one knows how to be relaxed
G.What all of you really wanted was coffee,
These classmates all had good jobs and made lots of money. They talked happily.1.__________The teacher went to the kitchen and returned with a large pot of coffee and many cups—china (瓷制的) ones, plastic ones and glass ones. Some cups are good-looking and some are plain (樸素的) looking, 2.__________
Then the teacher told them to help themselves to the coffee.
When all the students had a cup of coffee in hand, the teacher said, “Can you notice that all the nice-looking expensive cups were taken by you,3._________ That is why you have stresses and problems.In fact, the cup itself can not make the coffee better.Sometimes it hides what we drink.4.__________not the cup, but you went for the best cups and then began looking at each other’s cups.”
“Now think about this： life is the coffee, and the jobs, money and position (位置) in society are the cups. 5.__________ and do not change the life. Sometimes, by caring only about the cups, we fail to enjoy the coffee. So don’t let the cups drive you, and enjoy your coffee instead.”
