支
架內(nèi)血栓(stent thrombosis,ST)是指造影或尸檢發(fā)現(xiàn)的支架部位新近的血栓形成,病理上主要表現(xiàn)為血栓成分和炎性成分的混合物,包括血小板、纖維蛋白碎片、中性粒細胞、嗜酸性粒細胞[1]。2006年由一組專家組成的學(xué)術(shù)聯(lián)合研究會[2]將ST分類為明確的、非??赡艿摹⒖赡艿?,并且依據(jù)距離支架置入時間分為急性、亞急性、遲發(fā)型和非常遲發(fā)型(見表1)。在臨床實踐中,依據(jù)病理生理及危險因素的不同,可分為早期支架內(nèi)血栓(術(shù)后30天內(nèi))和晚期支架內(nèi)血栓(術(shù)后30天以后)形成,早期支架內(nèi)血栓最常見,占50%~70%[3]。雖然近年來ST的發(fā)生率明顯降低,大規(guī)模注冊研究顯示應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代抗栓治療及最新一代藥物洗脫支架治療,早期ST發(fā)生率<>[4-6]。但是其危害仍不容小窺,對其預(yù)防及控制需要重視。
一、支架內(nèi)血栓的病理(見圖1至圖3)
歐洲PRISTIGE組織者進行了一項支架內(nèi)血栓的組織病理研究,共分析了253個支架內(nèi)血栓樣本,79例(31.2%)來自于早期ST,174例(68.8%)來自于晚發(fā)ST,79例(31.2%)為金屬裸支架,166例(65.6%)為藥物洗脫支架,8例支架類型不明(3.2%)。血栓形態(tài)多樣,富含血小板和纖維蛋白碎片。平均血小板覆蓋比例占血栓區(qū)域的57%,白細胞浸潤在早期和晚期ST均很明顯。其中,主要是中性粒細胞,ST患者栓子中白細胞計數(shù)明顯高于自發(fā)性心肌梗死患者的栓子。23%的樣本中觀察到了中性粒細胞胞外陷阱現(xiàn)象。幾乎所有支架類型都觀察到了嗜酸性粒細胞,在使用雷帕霉素和依維莫司藥物洗脫支架的晚發(fā)ST患者中嗜酸性粒細胞數(shù)量更高。
二、支架血栓的危險因素
通常將危險因素分為患者、手術(shù)及設(shè)備相關(guān)(見圖4)。
1.早期支架內(nèi)血栓
在早期ST中,手術(shù)相關(guān)危險因素是最主要的,支架過小、殘余狹窄、術(shù)后TIMI血流分級降低、支架近端或遠端殘余病變是ST的最主要預(yù)測因素[7]。一項法國研究顯示,病變復(fù)雜性和PCI指數(shù)強烈預(yù)測術(shù)后ST[8]。此外,患者左心室功能減低、對ADP拮抗劑反應(yīng)差同樣增加術(shù)后ST風(fēng)險,術(shù)后30天內(nèi)早期停用抗血小板治療是ST的最重要預(yù)測因素[9]。此外,相當多研究關(guān)注ADP拮抗劑治療反應(yīng)性對ST的預(yù)測。首先,基于氯吡格雷代謝相關(guān)酶的基因多態(tài)性的藥代動力學(xué)檢測似乎能夠確定患者風(fēng)險[10-12]。其次,許多研究已經(jīng)展示了血小板功能檢測中血小板高反應(yīng)性與隨后ST的相關(guān)性[6,13]。例如,在Sibbing等所在中心的一項研究顯示,血小板高反應(yīng)性患者ST風(fēng)險為其他患者的9倍[13]。
最后,雖然支架相關(guān)危險因素相對于其他稍顯不重要,大數(shù)據(jù)庫研究顯示相對于藥物洗脫支架,金屬裸支架可能增加早期ST風(fēng)險[14]。的確,研究顯示聚合物包被能通過改善支架-血流接觸減少ST[15],一項關(guān)于急性心肌梗死介入治療的隨機試驗也進一步證實了此類觀點[16]。
2.晚發(fā)支架內(nèi)血栓
雖然明顯的術(shù)中技術(shù)缺點主要造成早期支架失敗,但也是晚發(fā)支架內(nèi)血栓的重要原因,如支架過小或擴張不足[7],支架移位也不少見[17]。此外,患者相關(guān)危險因素如糖尿病、左心射血分數(shù)降低也與晚發(fā)ST相關(guān)[7]。另外,ADP拮抗劑治療反應(yīng)性的降低也是晚發(fā)ST的危險因素[12]。
支架類型是遲發(fā)型ST重要影響因素。2006年歐洲心血管年會提出初代藥物洗脫支架可能增加ST進而導(dǎo)致心源性死亡[18],后來的一些meta分析也顯示雷帕霉素和紫杉醇藥物洗脫支架有此類風(fēng)險[14,19-20]。此外,注冊研究顯示4~5年內(nèi)ST風(fēng)險逐漸增加,沒有隨著時間減輕的證據(jù)[21]。尸檢顯示原因可能與推遲動脈愈合有關(guān),主要表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)膜覆蓋受損、持續(xù)的纖維蛋白沉積和動脈壁炎癥浸潤。新一代支架似乎解決了動脈延遲愈合問題,更薄的支架支柱,更生物兼容的聚合物包被,更低劑量的雷帕霉素類藥物。
三、雙抗持續(xù)時間和支架內(nèi)血栓的預(yù)防
防止ST的關(guān)鍵是適當?shù)碾p抗。1990年的隨機臨床試驗已經(jīng)證明了在阻止金屬裸支架并發(fā)癥方面,雙抗優(yōu)于抗凝。早期的使用藥物支架的臨床研究推薦術(shù)后雙抗3~6個月,雖然此后發(fā)現(xiàn)可能增加術(shù)后晚發(fā)ST風(fēng)險。此后,人們開始增加雙抗時間至12個月,并且探索更精確和最佳的雙抗時間。
早期研究顯示延長雙抗時間不能減少缺血事件,而且,此類早期研究均不能顯示ST的減少。新近發(fā)表的一個雙抗試驗,9921位DES治療患者,隨機分為雙抗30個月和12個月組,結(jié)果顯示延長雙抗明顯降低ST(0.4%vs.1.4%;HR,0.29;P<>
目前,口服抗凝的最佳方案尚不清楚,僅有2個隨機對照試驗(RCT),且效力較低。因此,口服抗凝劑目前僅推薦用于支架術(shù)后急性冠狀動脈綜合征患者,此外,新型的靜脈用ADP受體拮抗劑可能能夠進一步減少支架后急性期ST的發(fā)生率。
翻譯:張晶晶 赤峰市醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科
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