原文來(lái)自 Quora，已獲得答主授權(quán)，內(nèi)容僅代表答主觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
譯文由曉然翻譯組原創(chuàng)，轉(zhuǎn)載前請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系。
譯者：CB叉 校對(duì)：Breeze, Betty, Kiki, 老白
Why are people so addicted to their cell phones/smart phones?
為什么人們對(duì)玩手機(jī)如此上癮？
你的大腦里有一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)叫做多巴胺，它就是手機(jī)依賴(lài)癥的元兇。
在回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題之前，我先坦白，我并不是一個(gè)生物學(xué)家，許多以下將提及的東西是我通過(guò)閱讀其他專(zhuān)家的觀(guān)點(diǎn)而獲得的。請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我在開(kāi)始時(shí)附上他們提供的資料。
Why We’re All Addicted to Texts, Twitter and Google
Want To Hook Users? Drive Them Crazy. (An Intro to Variable Rewards) – Nir and Far
Kent C. Berridge and Terry E. Robinson, What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?: Brain Research Reviews, 28, 1998. 309–369.
（譯者注：以上是答主提供的部分原文鏈接和他所引用的文章信息）
然而，因?yàn)槲沂且粋€(gè)很喜歡將概念視覺(jué)化的人，所以我決定用以下圖片來(lái)更快更有效地闡述整個(gè)原理。
多巴胺這種讓人愉悅的物質(zhì)是我們腦中的一種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)，雖然它對(duì)于神經(jīng)和身體機(jī)能的作用更為重要，但它在尋求獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)行為中也扮演了重要的角色。
多巴胺促使你去尋求被獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的快感，比如食物、性愛(ài)、毒品（對(duì)于部分人來(lái)說(shuō)）。當(dāng)你在體驗(yàn)新事物，或者最重要的、在你期待新事物的時(shí)候，你的多巴胺水平會(huì)提高，這將刺激你進(jìn)一步尋求這些獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。
這整個(gè)機(jī)制從進(jìn)化的角度看來(lái)是極妙的，它曾使人類(lèi)去探索尋求新的經(jīng)歷。如果沒(méi)有多巴胺，我們或許會(huì)無(wú)所事事地賴(lài)在沙發(fā)上，沒(méi)有興致去嘗試生活中的任何新事物。
就像威爾伯納德（Will Berard）說(shuō)的那樣，如果沒(méi)有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)及大眾傳媒的參與，智能手機(jī)自身并沒(méi)有什么吸引力。但一旦他們之間產(chǎn)生了聯(lián)系，智能手機(jī)就會(huì)讓人產(chǎn)生三種不同性質(zhì)的愉悅。
#1 搜索新事物帶來(lái)的激勵(lì)
我們不僅對(duì)普通的生理快感上癮，同時(shí)我們還渴望新的信息。與其他事物不同，僅僅是閱讀或者學(xué)習(xí)新東西也會(huì)讓你多巴胺泛濫。你之所以現(xiàn)在正在閱讀這篇文章，以及像Quora和IFLS這樣的網(wǎng)站之所以這么受歡迎，就是這個(gè)原因。
#2 自我認(rèn)同帶來(lái)的激勵(lì)
另一個(gè)讓多巴胺水平上升的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)機(jī)制是被人確認(rèn)及喜愛(ài)。每當(dāng)別人給你臉書(shū)上的照片點(diǎn)了贊，或者對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，為我的答案投票，我就會(huì)產(chǎn)生愉悅感，此時(shí)多巴胺就會(huì)在我大腦里奔涌，促使我寫(xiě)更多的東西。
#3 歸屬感帶來(lái)的激勵(lì)
我們都希望在較大的組織中被認(rèn)可并得到一種歸屬感。而智能手機(jī)和大眾傳媒利用見(jiàn)面組、討論論壇、臉書(shū)聊天室及其他即時(shí)消息群組使其成為可能。
下次你的手機(jī)振動(dòng)的時(shí)候，當(dāng)你心里期待著自己的社交平臺(tái)上有新的驗(yàn)證消息或是新聞短訊而伸手去拿時(shí)，你的多巴胺水平就在你產(chǎn)生期待的同時(shí)上升了。一旦你在這些方面得到了一定激勵(lì)，你繼續(xù)尋求這些快感的習(xí)慣便形成了。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，你基本上已經(jīng)依賴(lài)上你的手機(jī)，并一遍遍地期待新的刺激。
我一般把一些科普文章都放在我的 Medium 博客中
Curious Robot
或關(guān)注以下臉書(shū)賬號(hào)，我在其中分享有趣的科學(xué)小知識(shí)。
Curious Robot
Before, I start answering this question,let me confess that I am not a biologist and many of the things mentioned below is what I found reading from other experts. Let me start by crediting them first.
Why We're All Addicted to Texts, Twitter and Google
Want To Hook Users? Drive Them Crazy. (An Intro to Variable Rewards) – Nir and Far
Kent C. Berridge and Terry E. Robinson, What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?: Brain Research Reviews, 28, 1998. 309–369.
However, since I am a very visual person I decided to create the figures below to convey the idea faster and more effectively.
Dopamine a 'feel good chemical' is a neurotransmitter in our brain which although critical for more mental and physical functions plays an important role is reward seeking behaviour.
Dopamine motivates you to seek pleasure giving rewards like food,sex and some cases drugs. When you are experiencing something new or most importantly, anticipating something new dopamine levels rise motivating you further.
All this is great from evolutionary point of view, where humans have gone out and searched for new experiences. Perhaps without dopamine, we would just lie on a sofa unmotivated almost trying to achieve nothing new in life.
Smartphones are not by themselves addictive without the presence of the internet or social media like Will Berard rightfully mentioned. But once connected they provide three different pathways of pleasure.
#1 Rewards of Hunt
Not only are we addicted to plain old physical pleasure but hunting for new information or just reading and learning new stuff provides a dopamine rush unlike others. This is the very reason you are reading this article right now and sites like Quora or IFLS are so popular.
#2 Rewards of Self
Another reward pathway for a dopamine rush is being validated and liked by others. Every time someone likes your Facebook photos or in my case up votes this answer I will derive pleasure and dopamine will rush into my brain causing me to write more stuff.
#3 Rewards of Tribe
We all want a feeling of belonging to a larger group and being accepted. Smartphone and social media allows this by being part of meetup groups, discussion forums, Facebook chat groups and other instant messaging groups.
Next time your phone buzzes, while you reach for it anticipating a new validation on your social media or a news snippet, your dopamine levels rise in anticipation. Once you have been properly rewarded with such information a new pleasure seeking habit it formed. In simple terms you are basically hooked to your phone and would wait in anticipation of rewards again and again.
I usually curate answers about popular science article on my Medium BlogCurious Robot
Alternatively you can follow the Facebook Page
Curious Robot
where I share interesting science snippets.
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