高考書面表達的高分策略
近幾年的高考《考試說明》中,關(guān)于高考英語書面表達評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔(很好)中有這樣一段話:"應(yīng)用了較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯;語法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯誤,但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級詞匯所致。"這就是說,學(xué)生僅運用基礎(chǔ)的詞匯和基本的句型,不能體現(xiàn)出較強的語言運用能力,即使表達無語法錯誤,也不能得高分;相反有些錯誤,目的在有意識地使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級詞匯,也不扣分,仍屬于最高檔次。高考把寫作要求提到了這樣一個高度,有利于反映學(xué)生的水平層次,有利于指導(dǎo)教學(xué)。原來"要點完整,語言無誤,行文連貫,表達清楚"的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就落后了。在平時的教學(xué)中,訓(xùn)練最多的,學(xué)生們也最習(xí)慣的是五種基本句型:①主語+謂語;②主語+謂語+賓語;③主語+謂語+間接賓語;④主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語;⑤主語+謂語+賓語+補足語。用這些句型組織的句子單一、無生氣,不能給人一種含金量高的審美享受?？陀^形勢對我們提出了高難度的要求,我們怎樣才能對書面表達進行科學(xué)的操作?怎樣才能控制寫作呢?下面擬就這一課題進行探討,希望能給同學(xué)們以啟迪,調(diào)動積極性,開拓思維,培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新精神。
• 近幾年高考書面表以應(yīng)用文，記敘文為主，有時出現(xiàn)說明文或議論文．
★★.應(yīng)試策略:
• 主題鮮明,文理通順,語法正確,符合邏輯和英語的習(xí)慣表達,在能力允許的情況下,盡量使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)和高級詞匯
(一)使用高級詞匯,增加文章的亮點
1.合理使用動詞,使之符合不同的語言風(fēng)格
• 試比較:
• Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our school! Now I’d like to introduce our school to you.
• Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to our school! Now I’d like to tell you something about our school.
２．合理使用動詞使表達更生動
試比較：
At the foot of the mountain, there was a small river.
At the foot of the mountain, there flowed a small river.
3.變換動詞使表達更地道
試比較：
My parents and I are very pleased to invite you to stay at our home.
My parents and I are very pleased to have you with us.
４．合理使用動詞能增強表達的邏輯性
試比較
We may be one family and live under the same roof, but we don’t get much time to talk together.
We may be one family and live under the same roof, but we don’t seem to get much time to talk together.
5.巧妙使用動詞短語增加表達的新穎性
• I used to like reading and writing poems at middle school.
• I used to take delight in reading and writing poems at middle school.
6.使用助動詞增強文章的感染色彩
I went there but I didn’t see you.
I did go there but I didn’t see you.
．適當(dāng)使用替代詞，同位語，介詞短語，形容詞短語，非謂語動詞等，使語言更精練．
• 試比較：
• 1.So the missing money still must be in the other jacket, the jacket that you were wearing yesterday.
• So the missing money still must be in the other jacket, the one that you were wearing yesterday.（０４年北京高考）
• 2.Do you think you’d like it? If you don’t like it, I can try and find another place for you.
Do you think you’d like it? If not, I can try and find another place for you. (2003NMET
• 3.I’ve found a place for you. It’s a small flat of 25 square meters, which has a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen.
I’ve found a place for you. It’s a small flat of 25 square meters, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. (2003NMET)
4.We’ll mostly stay at home in the evening and watch TV, play games, and meet people.
We’ll mostly stay at home in the evening , watching TV, playing games, and meeting people.
（二）變換句式，使表達豐富多彩
• １．用并列連詞把意義相關(guān)的幾個句子連起來，避免句子冗長累贅，松散無力，使句子凝煉，層次清晰
• 1.I was walking along
• I was walking along
• 2.The flat is in a building on
The flat is in a building on
• 2.試著改變句子的開頭，不要一味地都是主語開頭，接著是謂語，賓語，最后加一個狀語．要靈活應(yīng)用倒裝句，強調(diào)句，主從復(fù)合句，分詞狀語等，這樣能增加文章的節(jié)奏和韻律美．
• (1)We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning.
• Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.
• (2)Our brave Ah Fu had saved my little sister.
• It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister.
• ３．在整篇文章中,避免只使用一兩個句型,要靈活運用各種語法結(jié)構(gòu),使文章有聲有色
一、改變時態(tài)
• 例:The bell is ringing now.(一般) There goes the bell! (高級)
二、改變語態(tài)
例:People suggest that the conference be put off.(一般)
It is suggested that the conference be put off. (高級)
三、使用不定式
• 例:He is so kind that he can help
四、使用過去分詞
• 例:①She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.(一般)
Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab.(高級)
• ②Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.(一般)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.(高級)
五、使用V-ing形式
• 例:①When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.(一般)
• On arriving/his arrival, please give me an e-mail.(高級)
• ②If the weather permits, I'll come tomorrow.(一般)
• I'll come tomorrow, weather permitting.(高級)
六、使用名詞性從句
• 例:①It disappointed everybody that he didn't turn up.(一般)
• The fact that he didn't turn up disappointed everybody.(高級)
• ②I happened to have met him.(一般)
It happened that I had met him.(高級)
• ③To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.(一般)
• What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things. (高級)
七、使用定語從句
• 例:The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.(一般)
The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.(高級)
八、使用狀語從句
• 例:①I won't believe what he says.(一般)
No matter what he says, I won't believe.(高級)
• ?、?/span>If you come back before six o'clock, you can go out.(一般)
You can go out on condition that(provided that) you come back before six o'clock.(高級)
• ③If she doesn't agree, what shall we do?(一般)
Supposing that she doesn't agree, what shall we do?(高級)
•
以下四種手段是增加句子復(fù)雜性的常見方法，也是得高分的“亮點”。
1.改變句子的開頭方式，不要一味地都是主語開頭，接著是謂語、賓語，最后再加一個狀語?？梢园褷钫Z置于句首，或用分詞做狀語等。
• ［原文］The young man couldn't help crying when he heard the bad news.
• ［修正］Hearing the bad news，the young man couldn't help crying.
2.在整篇文章中，避免只使用一兩個句式，要靈活運用諸如倒裝句、強調(diào)句、主從復(fù)合句、分詞狀語等
• ①強調(diào)句
• ［原文］My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. It had saved my little sister bravely.
• ［修正］My parents praised Ah Fu warmly. It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister bravely.(
• It is English and computer classes that I like best．（NMET96 書面表達參考范文片段）
• 析：該句出色運用了強調(diào)句型，表達了我對英語和電腦特別喜歡的愉快之情，使文章上升了一個檔次。
• 感嘆句可以抒發(fā)內(nèi)心強烈的感情色彩，適當(dāng)運用感嘆句可以有效增強文章的情感性、感染性和感召性，從而震撼讀者內(nèi)心，引起讀者共鳴。
• 感嘆句比較適合用于對人物或單位介紹結(jié)束后，情不自禁地對被介紹對象加以贊揚。
• How time flies?。?/span>NMET98 書面表達參考范文片段）
• 析：該句巧妙運用了感嘆句，表達了對時間飛逝的遺憾之情。
• ②由what等引導(dǎo)的從句，此處的what相當(dāng)于中文的“所……”，有很大的概括力，如:
• ［原文］We had to stand there to catch the offender.
• ［修正］What we had to do was (to) stand there， trying to catch the offender.
• What
•
• ③由with或without引導(dǎo)的短語。如:He sat in a chair with a newspaper in the hand.④分詞短語。如:Satisfied with the result， he decided to go on with a new experiment.
• ⑤倒裝句。如:Only in this way can we achieve our goal.
• Never before have I seen such a wonderful film.
• ⑥省略句 如:If so， victory will be ours.
• You can make some changes wherever necessary.
• ⑦ 對比，這是中文中也常用的方法如:
• When I play，I feel excited，and after it I feel relaxed.
• ８。 such as列舉句型是使用場合最廣的句型，該句型結(jié)構(gòu)精巧，對稱協(xié)調(diào)，是一個難得的好句型，而且只要有強烈的使用意識，同學(xué)們在絕大多數(shù)高考中都可讓其一展風(fēng)采。
• 不過such as句型的技術(shù)含量高，一定要稔熟其用法。such as列舉句型往往用來強調(diào)人或物的個數(shù)多，需要不完全列舉所有事例。該句型使用時前邊先用一個總述句說明人或物的個數(shù)多，后邊列舉二至五個不等的并列成分，這些并列成分應(yīng)短小精煉，對稱協(xié)調(diào)，通常為一個詞或一個短語，而不能為一個句子。
• I studied quite a few subjects such as Chinese，maths，English，physics，chemistry and computer．（NMET96書面表達參考范文片段）
• 析：該句用such as列舉句型說明了我的學(xué)習(xí)科目很多，而且結(jié)構(gòu)巧妙，對稱和諧。
• I can follow my own interests such as reading books，visiting museums and taking computer lessons．（NMET2001 書面表達參考范文片段）
• 析：該句巧妙運用了such as列舉句型，結(jié)構(gòu)精巧工整，意義明確協(xié)調(diào)，堪稱上乘佳句
• ９。with ＋名詞＋復(fù)合賓語句型的恰當(dāng)使用也可以增加被描繪內(nèi)容的生動性和趣味性，從而增強文章的感染性，該句型適合對細節(jié)性動作進行描繪。
• My brother was riding with me sitting on the seat behind．（NMET97 書面表達參考范文片段）
• 析：該句巧用了“with ＋名詞＋復(fù)合賓語”句型作伴隨狀語，形象地描繪了我兄弟載我騎車時的“瀟灑”姿態(tài)，暗示著他這次違章載人難逃警察的干預(yù)。
• 10. Such be總結(jié)句型適合使用于人物／單位介紹式書面表達的末尾對人物或單位進行總結(jié)，只要做有心人，在高考中使用該句型的可能性也是很大的。
• Such be后邊需接名詞，名詞后邊需接同位語，同位語和被修飾名詞之間常用逗號隔開。
• Such is Sun Shuwei，a hardworking and successful diving star．（MET91 書面表達參考范文片段）
• Such is our present life，a happy and colorful one．（NMET2001 書面表達參考范文片段）
• 析：該句巧用了Such be總結(jié)句型，表達了減負后學(xué)校生活的重大變化，使讀者對減負給學(xué)校生活帶來的變化有了一個更全面、更準(zhǔn)確的了解。
• 3.通過分句和合句，增強句子的連貫性和表現(xiàn)力。
• ［原文］He stopped us half an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender.
• ［修正］He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.
• ［原文］We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.
• ［修正］After a short rest， we had great fun singing and dancing，telling jokes and playing chess.
4.學(xué)會使用過渡詞。如:
• ①遞進: then(然后)， besides(還有)， furthermore(而且)， moreover(此外)等。
• ②轉(zhuǎn)折: however(然而)， but(但是)， on the country(相反)， after all(畢竟)等。
• ③總結(jié): finally(最后)， at last(最后)， in brief(總之)， in conclusion(最后)等。
• ④強調(diào): indeed(確實)， certainly(一定)， surely(確定)， above all(尤其)等。
• ⑤對比: in the same way(同樣地)， just as(正如)， on one hand…on the other hand(一方面……另一方面……)等。
• 5.注意使用不同長度的句子。
二、對于“較復(fù)雜的詞匯”，可以從以下幾個方面著手。
• 1.注意使用詞組、習(xí)語來代替一些單詞，以增加文采。如:
• ［原文］A new railway is being built in my hometown.
• ［修正］A new railway is under construction in my hometown.(under repair; under discussion; under treatment…)
•
• 2.使用一些很有“洋味”的單詞。如:
• Thank you for sharing the time with us.
• The way he views the world is very practical.
• 3.避免重復(fù)使用某一單詞或短語。如:
• ［原文］I like reading while my brother likes watching television.
• ［修正］I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.
• ４使用高級詞匯(1)As a result the plan was a failure.
The plan turned out to be a failure. （高級）
(2)She went to
She went to
（高級）
(3)Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable.（一般）
Thanks to the good weather,our journey was comfortable. （高級）
近年來,高考書面表達在語言的運用以及答題規(guī)范化等方面對考生提出了更高的要求,一篇語言平淡、答題不夠規(guī)范的書面表達作品,很難在考試中取得較高檔次的分數(shù). 讓我們結(jié)合高考新的要求以及2003年高考試題分析,談一談書面表達拿高分應(yīng)掌握的一些要領(lǐng).
• 一、試題原題(2003高考)
• 假設(shè)你是李華,你的英國筆友Bob將于九月到你所在城市的建新華文學(xué)校學(xué)中文,來信請你在學(xué)校附近為他找一套住房.請根據(jù)圖畫提供的信息,寫信介紹住房的情況,并告知住房面積為
• 注意:1.詞數(shù):100左右;
• 2.參考詞匯:房租rent(n.).
• Dear Bob,
• ____________________________
• ____________________________
• Yours,
• Li Hua
• 二、試題分析及答題要領(lǐng)
• 2003年高考書面表達題在試題設(shè)計上命題者可謂匠心獨具.試題所提供素材為一篇圖畫,其形式為書信,體裁為說明文,要求以書信的形式將圖畫所提供的信息表達出來.該題綜合能力強,集看圖、書信、說明為一體,既考查考生的看圖說話能力,又考查考生的書信及說明文的寫作能力.為了達到試題要求,實現(xiàn)預(yù)期的寫作目的,答題時應(yīng)做到:
1.審題要認真
• 審題是下筆寫作之前的重要步驟.應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語提示及圖中所給信息,弄清題意,明確要求,以滿足高考"切中題意"這一要求.
• 1)審題材,把握所提供的信息,以防遺漏要點.
• 今年的書面表達題材為一篇圖畫,屬看圖作文題.在題型的設(shè)計上,看圖作文通常是以文字(中文或英文)和圖畫兩種形式作為提示的.審題時不僅要審"文",還要審"圖".另外,要善于觀察,充分領(lǐng)會圖畫的設(shè)計意圖,把握圖畫表達的主題,并通過分析、思考、合理想象,將圖意清楚地表達出來.
• 2)審體裁,以滿足文體的寫作要求.
• 該題體裁為說明文,將公寓及公寓與學(xué)校的位置關(guān)系介紹給筆友Bob.寫作時應(yīng)按照說明文的要求來寫,表達時要求條理清楚,語言準(zhǔn)確、通順.另外,應(yīng)注意說明的順序和方法.
• 3)審格式,寫好開頭及結(jié)尾.
• 該題要求用書信的形式將圖畫所提供的信息表達清楚.呼語及結(jié)尾客套語等格式已給出,應(yīng)重點把握好兩頭(開場及結(jié)束語),開頭應(yīng)開門見山,將寫信的目的交待清楚.結(jié)尾應(yīng)簡短有力,緊扣主題,做到首尾呼應(yīng).
2.內(nèi)容要完整
• 內(nèi)容要點是否齊全是高考評分時確定一篇書面表達檔次的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn).通過認真審題,仔細讀圖,確定該文要點如下:
• 1)開頭(表達能與筆友見面的興奮之情);
• 2)公寓的面積(25平方米)及房間的分布(包括臥室、浴室和廚房);
• 3)臥室擺設(shè)情況(包括床、沙發(fā)、書桌和椅子等);
• 4)月租(500元);
• 5)公寓的位置以及與建新華文學(xué)校的位置關(guān)系(芳草街,距學(xué)校一站地);
• 6)結(jié)尾(詢問對方對公寓的看法,并希望得到答復(fù)).
• 3.語言要簡練、得體
• 一般來說,高考對書面表達的詞數(shù)都有明確具體的要求,本文要求詞數(shù)在100左右.內(nèi)容要合乎英語習(xí)慣.如寫本文開頭時,應(yīng)符合英文書信的要求.試比較:
• 原句:I'm so glad to have received your letter. In your letter you said you would come to
• 修正:I'm very glad to learn that you're coming in September. I've found a flat for you.(16個詞)
• 分析:英文書信講究開門見山,直截了當(dāng).原句雖沒有語言錯誤,但顯得很啰嗦.如果用這樣的冗言贅句來表達,很難在規(guī)定的字數(shù)范圍內(nèi)將短文的全部要點寫完;修正句為高考所提供范文的開場語,僅僅16字,簡潔、明了且合乎英文書信習(xí)慣.
• 4.表達方式要靈活多樣
• 內(nèi)容要點的表達要靈活,在組織語言材料及選擇句式上可以采用不同的方式,切忌用詞重復(fù),句式單一.
• 內(nèi)容要點、詞匯應(yīng)用和語法結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)量和準(zhǔn)確性是高考評分時的主要"采分點".因此,在有把握的情況下,使用一些高級詞匯和較為復(fù)雜的句式,無疑會增強表達效果.試比較在表達公寓的位置(要點4)時,不同的表達法產(chǎn)生的不同表達效果:
• 原句:The flat is in a tall building on
• 修正:The flat is on the third floor of a tall building on
• 分析:從語法以及用詞上看,原句無可挑剔,但句子長度大體相同,而且都是短句,讀起來平淡無味.修正句分別使用了所學(xué)的定語從句及并列句將簡單句合并,而結(jié)尾過渡詞語In fact的妙用,可謂點睛之筆.與前文相比,讀起來感覺大不相同了.
• 5.過渡要自然、連貫
• 語言的連貫性是從語言的組織及銜接上對語言的運用提出的較高的要求.為了達到這一要求,寫作時應(yīng)合理、有效地使用各種連接或過渡性詞語,使整篇文章前后連貫、過渡自然;結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、邏輯性強.下面的句子引自2002年高考書面表達題所提供的參考答案,注意文中的連接及過渡.
• Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.
• On the other hand, 40% think that... (2002高考)
• 6.檢查修改要到位
• 檢查修改是書面表達解題過程中必不可少的一個重要環(huán)節(jié).檢查修改的原則是大處著眼,小處著手.具體應(yīng)從詞法、句法、語篇三個方面入手仔細檢查并進行認真修改:
• 1)從詞法角度入手.主要檢查詞匯的運用是否妥當(dāng);拼寫是否有誤;名詞、代詞的數(shù)和格是否正確;詞性是否混淆;詞與詞之間是否"搭配不當(dāng)";用詞是否重復(fù)等.
• 2)從句法角度入手.主要檢查句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整;動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)是否正確;主謂是否一致等.
• 3)從語篇角度入手.主要檢查文體格式是否正確;詞數(shù)是否符合要求;要點是否齊全;上下文是否連貫、符合邏輯等.
• 注意:檢查、修改整個過程應(yīng)在草擬稿上完成.答題時,切忌在答好的試卷上亂涂亂改.這樣做會影響卷面整潔,因此而失分.
• 7.書寫要規(guī)范
• 高考書面表達對答卷的書寫問題有明確具體的要求.整潔干凈的卷面,規(guī)范、美觀的字體會給閱卷者好的印象,可以得到"印象分".因此,在考試中同學(xué)們應(yīng)將單詞寫好,千萬不能因為書寫問題影響自己的得分.建議答題時先打好草稿,然后將所寫短文工整、清楚地抄在試卷上.
