虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示的是說(shuō)話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議,是說(shuō)話人希望它發(fā)生,想象它有可能發(fā)生,或者要求它發(fā)生但不是客觀存在的事實(shí),還表示說(shuō)話人覺(jué)得某事可以做。虛擬語(yǔ)氣是通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表示的。下面我們用正誤辨析的形式來(lái)談一談虛擬語(yǔ)氣在具體句子中的應(yīng)用。
1.【誤】If Della hadn't sold her hair, she couldn't buy the gold watch for Jim.
【正】If Della hadn't sold her hair, she couldn't have bought the gold watch for Jim.
【析】對(duì)過(guò)去情況虛擬的條件句中,從句應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí),主句應(yīng)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式形式+ have done。對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況虛擬的條件句中,從句用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞用were),主句應(yīng)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式形式+動(dòng)詞原形;如果是對(duì)將來(lái)的情況進(jìn)行虛擬的條件句,從句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(或were to +動(dòng)詞原形,或should +動(dòng)詞原形),主句應(yīng)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式形式+動(dòng)詞原形。如:If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.(與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)
If he were to leave tomorrow, he would get to Beijing by Friday. (與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反)
If he had time, he would attend the meeting. (與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)
注意:如果從句中省略if,應(yīng)用倒裝句式。如:Should it rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.如果明天下雨的話,莊稼就得救了。
2.【誤】I wish I wasn't busy yesterday and could finish with the recorder.
【正】I wish I hadn't been busy yesterday and could have finished with the recorder.
【析】在I wish that從句中,動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式。與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為had +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞;與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞用were);與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為would +動(dòng)詞原形。如:How I wish I hadn't done that! Everybody present was angry with me.在場(chǎng)的每個(gè)人都生我的氣。我是多么希望我沒(méi)有干那件事。
3.【誤】He insisted that he should be really very tired and that he must be allowed to have a rest.
【正】He insisted that he was really very tired and that he should be allowed to have a rest.
【析】在desire, insist, request, require, recommend, suggest, command, demand以及order等這些表示命令、建議、要求等詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should +動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。如:They demanded that black people should be treated as well as white people.他們要求黑人應(yīng)該像白人那樣好好地被對(duì)待。
注意:⑴insist只有作"堅(jiān)持(應(yīng)該)"解時(shí),用虛擬語(yǔ)氣;作"堅(jiān)持說(shuō)(認(rèn)為)"解時(shí),不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.邁克堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他沒(méi)有偷任何東西。
⑵suggest作"建議"解時(shí),用虛擬語(yǔ)氣;作"表明、暗示"或"使人想到"時(shí),不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:His expression suggests that he has had a good journey.他的表情表明他旅途很愉快。
4.【誤】It's time that you have gone over the whole book.
【正】It's time that you went over the whole book. or It's time that you should go over the whole book.
【析】在It's (high) time (that)后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中,其謂語(yǔ)通常用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式或should +動(dòng)詞原形。
5.【誤】It is important that we shall close the window before we leave.
【正】It is important that we (should) close the window before we leave.
【析】在It is important (necessary,strange,natural,desirable等)后面的that主語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用should +動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。
6.【誤】If only my grandpa see this film with us now.
【正】If only my grandpa could see this film with us now.
【析】if only表示"要是……就好了"、"但愿……"虛擬語(yǔ)氣的感嘆句。本句說(shuō)的是現(xiàn)在的情況,應(yīng)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式加動(dòng)詞原形;如果是過(guò)去的情況,應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:
If only my grandpa had seen the film with us yesterday.要是昨天我爺爺跟我們一起看那個(gè)電影就好了。
7.【誤】His suggestion that you must try once more sounds reasonable.
【正】His suggestion that you (should) try once more sounds reasonable.
【析】作suggestion, advice, idea, demand, plan, proposal, request等名詞的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。
8.【誤】It is demanded that the wounded must be sent to hospital right away.
【正】It is demanded that the wounded (should) be sent to hospital right away.
【析】在It is demanded(ordered,requested,suggested,desired等)that...這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。
9.【誤】When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it breaks.
【正】When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.
【析】在as if(though)引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去式;表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用"had +過(guò)去分詞";表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用"would(might,could)+動(dòng)詞原形"。
10.【誤】I would rather he should come tomorrow than today.
【正】I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
【析】在would (had) rather引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中當(dāng)從句表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的時(shí)間時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用一般過(guò)去時(shí);表示過(guò)去時(shí)間時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
11.【誤】Without your help, we will not make such rapid progress.
【正】Without your help, we would not have made such rapid progress.
【析】我們有時(shí)用一些介詞短語(yǔ)(如:but for, without, otherwise, in that case等),或通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示含蓄的條件,這時(shí)主句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。本句是對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)進(jìn)行假設(shè)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句子,without your help相當(dāng)于if we hadn't had your help,因而主句應(yīng)當(dāng)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式加上動(dòng)詞的完成體形式。
12.【誤】If it weren't for my job, I will come with you.
【正】If it weren't for my job, I would come with you.
【析】我們常用If it were not for...這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用would (should)加動(dòng)詞原形;用If it had not been for...這一結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用would(should)加動(dòng)詞的完成體。
練一練:
1. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I________him.
A. had telephoned
B. would telephone
C. would have telephoned
D. telephone
2. Our chairman hasn't come yet. If he______in time,we would have to put off the meeting.
A. should come B. would come
C. shouldn't come D. doesn't come
3. The young man insisted that he______nothing and________free.
A. stole; set
B. had stolen; should be set
C. should steal; be set
D. had stolen; must be set
4. The order came that the medical supplies ________to the village soon.
A. would be sent B. should send
C. be sent D. must be sent
5. It is important that we ______wild animals.
A. will protect B. should protect
C. shall protect D. are protecting
6. Where is Xiao Zhang? I wish I______him at once.
A. can find B. will find
C. could find D. should find
7. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he________a goal. A. had scored B. scored
C. would score D. would have scored
8. He________the test, but he wasn't careful enough.
A. could have passed B. were able to pass
C. must have passed D. might be able to pass
9. If only he________quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. (上海'00)
A. lies B. lay
C. had lain D. should lie
10. What would have happened______, as far as the river bank? (上海'01)
A. Bob had walked farther
B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther
D. if Bob walked farther
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