?英文句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)
1．簡(jiǎn)單句的五大基本句型。
英文句子是以簡(jiǎn)單句為主體。并列句是由并列連接詞連接的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句；主從復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)從屬連接詞連接的從句和一個(gè)獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成的。
英文簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型。
（1）主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) 。
此句型的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，常帶狀語(yǔ)。
例如：The fruit shop has closed.
They have been singing and dancing for two hours.
The plane will take off soon.
They will fly to London.
（2）主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)。
此句型結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞，后接表語(yǔ)。常用的系動(dòng)詞除be外，還有become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, grow, turn, remain, come, hold, keep, stand, stay（保持）,smell, sound, taste等等。
例如：The motor is out of order.
Her mother has fallen ill.
The weather is getting quite hot.
The roses smell sweet.
Silk feels soft and smooth.
The plan sound perfect.
（3）主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)
此句型中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，后面跟賓語(yǔ)。
例如：He studies English.
The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.
We should help the disabled.
（4）主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ) + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)。
例如：This new way saved us much time.
Could you do me a favor please?
I paid him fifty yuan.
He ordered (要，訂購(gòu))himself a soft drink.
Mr Smith lent me his car.
I found him a new textbook.
Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?
The president awarded（授予）hime the first prize.
（5）主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例如：We elected him monitor of our class.
We found her rather difficult to work with.
I warned him not to be late again.
My father saw him steal the money.
I found the galss broken.
The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time.
The woman caught her husband reading her diary.
2．并列句結(jié)構(gòu)
并列句是由并列連接詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句結(jié)構(gòu)。
常用的并列連接詞有：
（1）表示并列，遞進(jìn)關(guān)系and, both…and, not…but, not only…but(also)…, neither…nor…
（2）表示轉(zhuǎn)折/對(duì)比關(guān)系but, while, (and) yet, when
（3）表示選擇關(guān)系or, either…or…, otherwise
（4）表示結(jié)果關(guān)系so, (and) therefore, (and) thus
（5）表示原因關(guān)系for
3．主從復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)。
英語(yǔ)中，從句主要有三大類：名詞性從句、形容詞性從句及副詞性從句。下面我們分別介紹。
一、名詞性從句
1、名詞性從句的構(gòu)成及句法特點(diǎn)
名詞從句是指在完整的句子中以名詞性質(zhì)出現(xiàn)的從句成分，主要包括主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、 同位語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。 其連接代詞非為三類：1)由that, whether, if和whoewver等引出的陳述句；2)有what引出的疑問(wèn)句；3)有wh-等詞引出的疑問(wèn)句。第一類和第三類在引出主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以用形式主語(yǔ)it來(lái)代替。
2、主語(yǔ)從句
That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.
地球圍繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)是眾所周知的事實(shí)。
(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)
Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此時(shí)不能用if )
他來(lái)不來(lái)參加會(huì)議取決于他的老板。
(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)
Whoever says so is a liar. 誰(shuí)這樣說(shuō)使就在撒謊。
What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.
學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)你需要的是大量的練習(xí)。
What you have said is convincing. 你所說(shuō)的令人信服。
Where we shall stay for the night is a problem. 我們?cè)谀膬哼^(guò)夜是個(gè)問(wèn)題。
(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)
When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.
2008年奧運(yùn)會(huì)舉行的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)已經(jīng)確定下來(lái)了。
(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held.)
How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.
古埃及人是如何建造金字塔迷惑了多少代的人。
(= It puzzled people for centuries how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.)
同時(shí)，需要注意主語(yǔ)從句的一些常見句型。如：
It is reported that… 椐報(bào)道 …
It must be pointed out that … 必須指出的是 …
It is likely that … 很可能的是 ..;.
It is a good thing that… 很好的是 …
It happens that … 碰巧的是 …
3、表語(yǔ)從句
that引出的表語(yǔ)從句里，that可以省略；whether有時(shí)也可用來(lái)引出表語(yǔ)從句，而一般不用if，但as if卻 可以。如：
My idea is (that) we need more hands. 我的看法是我們需要更多的人手。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問(wèn)題是他們是否能幫我們。
All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only yesterday.
所有這一切過(guò)去20多年了，但似乎剛剛是昨天發(fā)生的一樣。
4、同位語(yǔ)從句：名詞性從句考查的重點(diǎn)
同位語(yǔ)從句的特點(diǎn)是由一個(gè)抽象名詞+that從句構(gòu)成，引導(dǎo)詞一般是that, 而且that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。這些抽象名詞有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)抽象名詞進(jìn)行說(shuō)明解釋。
The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.
我們的足球隊(duì)最終擊敗了朝鮮隊(duì)的消息令球迷們歡喜若狂。
The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio. (比較-定語(yǔ)從句)
令球迷們歡喜若狂的消息是從收音機(jī)里播報(bào)的。
There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.
有充足的證據(jù)證明該城市的犯罪率在上升。
Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 愛因斯坦得出的結(jié)論是宇宙中最大速度是光速。
5、名詞性從句的考點(diǎn)
1、考生要明確下列四個(gè)概念
1)名詞從句通常由連接代詞(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, w h atever)、連接副詞(when, where, how, why)和連接詞(that, if, whether)引出。
2)連接代詞和連接副詞不僅引出一個(gè)從句，而且還在從句中擔(dān)任某個(gè)語(yǔ)法成分。
3)用連接代詞和連接副詞引出的名詞從句前面不要再加that。
4)名詞從句的語(yǔ)序一律用陳述句語(yǔ)序，不能用疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序。
2、同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
(1) 定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分(主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ))，而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。
(2) 定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述先行詞的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如：
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。)(第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。)(同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分)
3、what 和that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的差別
___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B.That C.How D. Where
【答案】 A。
【解析】很顯然，本題是為了考查學(xué)生是否掌握了what 和that的實(shí)際含義及引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的用法差異而設(shè)定。那what 和that在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)究竟有怎樣的差別呢？
1) 當(dāng)what用作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句(不可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句)；它本身在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。
(1) what表示“所以……的(事)”的意思，相當(dāng)于“the thing(s) that……”、“all that……”、“that which……”、“everything that……”等。例如：
Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do. (what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，并作do的賓語(yǔ)。)
把它留給我，我來(lái)看看怎么做。
What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) 你所做的可能會(huì)給別人帶來(lái)傷害。
What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) 他在會(huì)上說(shuō)的令所有在場(chǎng)的人吃驚不小。
What is most important in life isn’t money. (what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。)
生活中最重要的不是錢。
But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure. (what 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) 你等著看我們能給你什么補(bǔ)償。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。) 他所想要看到的是結(jié)束世界上所有的軍隊(duì)。
(2) what 表示“所……的(人)”的意思，相當(dāng)于“the person that……”等。例如：
He is not what he used to be. (what 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作表語(yǔ)。)
他已經(jīng)不是過(guò)去的他了。
She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作表語(yǔ)。)
她不是5年前的她了。
2) that
當(dāng)that用作連接詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句，that 在從句中既不充當(dāng)任何成分，也無(wú)實(shí)際意義，僅起著連接句子的作用。一般不可省略(賓語(yǔ)從句除外)。若從句置于句子后面，代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。例如：
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句)。
令她煩惱的是頭發(fā)開始變得花白。
Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? ( that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句) 在這樣一個(gè)富有的國(guó)度里竟有這么多的窮人，你相信嗎？
We heard the news that our team had won. (that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句)
我聽到我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。
Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句)
另一個(gè)問(wèn)題是肥沃的土壤開始慢慢流失了。
But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句)
一條亙古不變的真理就是人們都應(yīng)該體貼殘疾人，而不是體貼政府。
二、定語(yǔ)從句
1、定語(yǔ)從句的句法特點(diǎn)及關(guān)系代詞、副詞：
用來(lái)修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞(有時(shí)也可說(shuō)明整個(gè)主句或主句中一部分)而起定語(yǔ)作用的句子叫作定語(yǔ)從句。
關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, that, which, as
關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why
2、關(guān)系代詞的用法
(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在場(chǎng)的人都哭了。
(2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級(jí)以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that, 不用which, who，或whom。例如：
He is the last person that could have done such a thing. 他絕不是做這種事的人。
(3) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用關(guān)系代詞that, , 作賓語(yǔ)用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。例如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. 有700萬(wàn)人參加了這次競(jìng)選，其中大部分都受過(guò)良好教育。
(4) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一個(gè)詞，也可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，多數(shù)情況下意思是與and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
他比賽獲勝，令他父母十分欣慰。
(5) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體，關(guān)系代詞用which; 若是指集體中的各個(gè)成員，則用who。
(6) 先行詞有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。例如：
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(7) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因。關(guān)系副詞when在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，where 充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，why充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)。
He came at a time when we needed him most. 他在我們最需要的時(shí)候來(lái)了。
We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記中華人民共和國(guó)成立的那一天。
I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她學(xué)習(xí)好的原因。
This is the room where he put up for the night. 這就是他渡過(guò)夜晚的那房子。
另外，that可引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因。
that有時(shí)可以代替關(guān)系副詞 when, where 或者why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因。在that引導(dǎo)的這種定語(yǔ)從句中，that也可以省去。
Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous.
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方。
4、限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1) 定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。(非限制性)
2) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
5、As在定語(yǔ)從句中的用法
1)引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
(1)as多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。
(2)as 也可單獨(dú)使用，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，作用相當(dāng)于which。例如：
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
2)As引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的位置
as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面.中間或后面，一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。例如：
As is expected, the England team won the football match.
The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
6、介詞+關(guān)系代詞的用法
“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”是一個(gè)普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu):
(1) “介詞＋關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句?！敖樵~＋關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
這就是我們討論的那么多的問(wèn)題。
This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.
這就是那位我們?cè)洪L(zhǎng)與之握手的外國(guó)客人。
(2) from where為 “介詞＋關(guān)系副詞“ 結(jié)構(gòu)，但也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中一般不宜將介詞與動(dòng)詞分開。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the morning.
他最終找到了他一早上一直在找的鋼筆。
三、狀語(yǔ)從句
1、概述
狀語(yǔ)從句主要用來(lái)修飾主句或主句的謂語(yǔ)。一般可分為九大類，分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類較多，但由于狀語(yǔ)從句與漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語(yǔ)從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點(diǎn)。
2、狀語(yǔ)從句分類及常用連詞：
類 別 連 詞
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 where, wherever
原因狀語(yǔ)從句 because, since, as, for, now that, etc.
目的狀語(yǔ)從句 in order that, so that, that, etc.
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.
條件狀語(yǔ)從句 if, unless, as (so) long as, etc.
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.
比較狀語(yǔ)從句 as…as, so…as, than, etc.
方式狀語(yǔ)從句 as, as if, as though, etc.
3、狀語(yǔ)從句的句法功能及考點(diǎn)
1) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
直到我長(zhǎng)大成人后才認(rèn)識(shí)到我母親是多么的與眾不同。
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
當(dāng)約翰在看電視的時(shí)候，他妻子在煮飯。
The children ran away from the orchard (果園) the moment they saw the guard.
孩子一看到守衛(wèi)立刻從果園里跑了。
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
他們剛一到家就下起雨來(lái)了。
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
每次我聽從他的建議就會(huì)惹麻煩。
2) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞：where
特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，工廠多的地方空氣污染就嚴(yán)重。
Wherever you go, you should work hard. 無(wú)論你到哪去，都應(yīng)該好好工作。
3) 原因狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as, since
特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
我朋友不喜歡我的原因是我長(zhǎng)相英俊，事業(yè)有成。
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
既然大家都到齊了，咱們就開會(huì)吧。
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
高額的個(gè)人所得稅有害之處就在于它打擊了人們多掙錢的努力。
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
考慮到他還不到12歲，180公分的個(gè)子算是驚人。
4) 目的狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that
特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
老板讓秘書抓緊寫出信件這樣他好簽字。
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
老師提高聲音目的是讓后排的學(xué)生能聽清楚。
5) 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞：so … that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 他起的很早為的是能趕上頭班車。
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. 這是一個(gè)好機(jī)會(huì)，我們不能讓它溜走。
To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
他激動(dòng)得昨夜都沒(méi)睡好覺。
6) 條件狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless,
特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
如果總裁同意了，我們將立刻實(shí)施我們的計(jì)劃。
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 只要努力，你一定會(huì)成功。
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
如果沒(méi)人反對(duì)，我們就在那里舉行會(huì)議。
7) 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as(用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
盡管我很尊敬他， 我卻不同意他的建議。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
即使天氣很惡劣，那老人也仍然喜愛游泳。
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
不管他如何努力，她就是不改決心。
He won’t listen whatever you may say. 無(wú)論你說(shuō)什么他都不聽。
8) 比較狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞：as (同級(jí)比較), than (不同程度的比較)
特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她像她母親一樣脾氣暴躁。
The house is three times as big as ours. 這房子是我們房子的三倍大。
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越鍛煉，身體就越健康。
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，猶如油之于機(jī)器。
9) 方式狀語(yǔ)從句
常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, how
特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。
She behaved as if she were the boss. 她的舉止像是個(gè)老板。
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
有時(shí)候我們教導(dǎo)孩子就像父母當(dāng)年那樣教導(dǎo)我們。
陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)。
肯定式和否定式（各種時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)）。特別注意否定句結(jié)構(gòu)。
疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)。
英文疑問(wèn)句有四種：一般疑問(wèn)句，特殊疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句。
一般疑問(wèn)句（General Questions）也稱“Yes-no Questions” )，
一般疑問(wèn)句是要求用Yes或No 來(lái)回答的問(wèn)句形式。
一般疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成方式是將be動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提至句首。
1. be 動(dòng)詞有am, is, are , was, were形式。
2．助動(dòng)詞有do, does（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）；did（一般過(guò)去時(shí)）；am, is, are（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）；was,were（過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)）；shall / will（一般將來(lái)時(shí)）；should / would（過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）；have / has（現(xiàn)
在完成時(shí)）；had（過(guò)去完成時(shí)）； am, is, are, was, were（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
3．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can / could; may / might; must; shall / should; will / would; need; dare; ought (to)。
使用一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)須注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1．對(duì)have / has / had作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞講時(shí)，一般疑問(wèn)句形式有兩種：
⑴作為“有”講時(shí)。例如：He has no brothers → Has he no brothers? / Does he have no brothers?
⑵作其它意義時(shí)，要借助助動(dòng)詞do / does / did.
例如：He has breakfast at 7 in the morning. → Does he have breakfast at 7 in the morning?
He had a meeting yesterday → Did he have a meeting yesterday?
2．對(duì)含有used to的句子變問(wèn)句時(shí)有兩種形式：
例如：He used to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning.
→Did he use to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning?
→Used he to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning?
3．在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的問(wèn)句中，實(shí)義謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則保留原形狀態(tài)。
4．對(duì)否定一般疑問(wèn)句的回答要特別引起注意，要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來(lái)回答，排除中文的干擾。
例如：---Don’t you believe him? ---Yes, I do. ( 不， 我相信。) ；---No, I don’t.（是，我不信）
●特殊疑問(wèn)句（Special Questions）也稱“Wh-questions”。
其構(gòu)成方式是特殊疑問(wèn)詞 + 一般疑問(wèn)句？
疑問(wèn)詞有疑問(wèn)代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, etc 疑問(wèn)副詞：when, where, how, why, etc.
特殊疑問(wèn)句不能用Yes和No來(lái)回答，必須用一個(gè)完整的句子來(lái)回答，可以省去問(wèn)句中相同部分。
例如：---When did he come here? --- ( He came here ) yesterday.
●選擇疑問(wèn)句（Alternative Questions ）
選擇疑問(wèn)句提出由or連接兩種或兩種以上的答案以供選擇，看哪一種是正確的。它在結(jié)構(gòu)上有兩種類型：一般疑問(wèn)句型和特殊疑問(wèn)句型。
選擇疑問(wèn)句不能用yes和no來(lái)回答，必須對(duì)其作具體的選擇。
例如：---Shall we go by bus or by train ? ---By bus.
----Who do you like better, Tom or Mary? ----Tom.
●反意疑問(wèn)句（Disjunctive Questions）
反意疑問(wèn)句提出某種觀點(diǎn)或事實(shí)，問(wèn)對(duì)方是否同意。
這種疑問(wèn)句一般由兩部分組成。前一部分為陳述句，后一部分為簡(jiǎn)短的一般問(wèn)句。
前一部分為肯定式，后一部分為否定式；前一部分為否定式，后一部分為肯定式。
例如：I haven’t seen you before, have I?
She knows you, doesn’t she?
使用反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
（1）在簡(jiǎn)短的問(wèn)句中，主語(yǔ)的人稱，數(shù)，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般應(yīng)與前面的陳述部分一致。
在簡(jiǎn)短的問(wèn)句中的主語(yǔ)不為名詞乃代詞是也。
例如：Liu Ying studies very hard, doesn’t Liu Ying? (×)
Liu Ying studies very hard, doesn’t she? (√ )
（2）陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, nobody時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句中主語(yǔ)一般為they，有時(shí)也用he.
例如：Everyone enjoys the music, don’t they?
Someone stole your watch, didn’t they?
No one was hurt, was he?
（3）陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為everything, anything, nothing，反意問(wèn)句中主語(yǔ)一般為it，
例如：Everything that he says is false, isn’t it?
（4）陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為one指人時(shí),反意問(wèn)句中主語(yǔ)一般為you / one，
例如：One shouldn’t be dishonest, should you? ? should one?
（5）陳述部分為I’m…結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句一般為aren’t I ，
例如：I am the best, aren’t I?
（6）當(dāng)陳述部分中有seldom, never, hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定或半否定詞時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句中應(yīng)為肯定式。
例如：You have little money in your pocket, have you?
（7）當(dāng)陳述部分只出現(xiàn)否定前綴或后綴來(lái)表示否定時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句仍為否定式。
例如： It is impossible, isn’t it?
（8）當(dāng)陳述部分含有There be 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其反意問(wèn)句中依然使用there 作假主語(yǔ)。
例如：There is a book on the desk, isn’t there?
（9）當(dāng)陳述部分中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must表示肯定推測(cè)時(shí)，其反意問(wèn)句中應(yīng)避免使用must,而應(yīng)根據(jù)其后的動(dòng)詞（時(shí)態(tài)）形式采取相應(yīng)的形式。
例如：There must be a bus in the parking lot, isn’t there?
He must have been to Wuhan, hasn’t he?
It must have rained yesterday for the ground is wet, didn’t it?
（10） 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或其他短語(yǔ)作陳述部分的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句部分的主語(yǔ)通常用it。
例如：To get rid of a bad habit is not easy, is it?
（11）當(dāng)祈使句部分為祈使句時(shí)的反意問(wèn)句。
①肯定的祈使句表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)， 反意問(wèn)句部分一般用“will you”或“would you”；表示邀請(qǐng)、勸誘時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句部分一般用“won’t you”，但是，在否定的祈使句后面則用“will you”。
例如：Give me a hand, will you?
Open a window, would you?
Have a little more coffee, won’t you?
Don’t be late, wil you?
Don’t waste too much on the thing, will you?
②在“Let’s…”句型中，其反意問(wèn)句為“shall we”；在“Let us…”句型中，其反意問(wèn)句應(yīng)用“will you”
（12）當(dāng)陳述部分為否定形式時(shí)，要注意其回答，排除中文的干擾。其回答同否定疑問(wèn)句的回答一樣。
例如： ---Their daughter isn’t clever, is she? ---Yes, she is. (不，她聰明 ) ----No, shi isn’t. (是，不聰明 )
（13）當(dāng)陳述部分為一主從復(fù)合句時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句應(yīng)與主句保持一致。
例如：He says that they have left, doesn’t he?
Today’s weather is as cold as it was yesterday, isn’t it?
（14）當(dāng)陳述部分的主句中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱（I / We）時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, suppose, believe等時(shí)，反意問(wèn)句則要與賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)保持對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。
例如：I don’t think you are serious, are you? (否定轉(zhuǎn)移)。
I believe he knows the answer, doesn’t he?
但當(dāng)陳述部分的主句中的主語(yǔ)不是I / We，而是其他人稱時(shí)，其反意問(wèn)句仍與主句一致。
（15）當(dāng)在并列句中，反意文句應(yīng)與第二個(gè)分句一致。
例如：He is a teacher but his wife isn’t a teacher, is she?
John isn’t a diligent student, for it is the third time that he has been late, isn’t it?
感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)。
感嘆句常見句型：
①What a/an + (adj.)+ n. + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)…！
②What + (adj.) + n.(復(fù)數(shù) / 不可數(shù)名詞) + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)…！
③How + adj. / adv. + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)…！
④How + adj. + a / an + n. +主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)…！
⑤How + 主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)…！
注意：在感嘆句中，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)不使用倒裝語(yǔ)序。
使用英文基本結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
（1）在英文中逗號(hào)是不起著連接作用的，換句話說(shuō)，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句只用“，”號(hào)隔開并連接，這是不符合英文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的。我們須根據(jù)這兩句中的邏輯關(guān)系，選用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞。兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句可以用“；”號(hào)連接分開。
（2）英文中的復(fù)合句稱為主從復(fù)合句。它必須有一個(gè)主句帶一個(gè)或兩個(gè)甚至兩個(gè)以上的從句組成。有連接詞部分為從句，無(wú)連接詞部分為主句。注意連接詞省略現(xiàn)象。
（3）在英文復(fù)合句中從句必須是陳述句順序，注意主從句之間的時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系。
（4）區(qū)別wh-作為疑問(wèn)詞和連接詞。
（5）注意英文狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略現(xiàn)象。
（6）在英文復(fù)合句中，兩個(gè)句子不能同時(shí)使用連接詞。
（7）區(qū)別連接詞和介詞。
英文句子的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
1、倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)
英文中的某些句子根據(jù)其語(yǔ)法和結(jié)構(gòu)的需要進(jìn)行主謂順序顛倒---倒裝句。
倒裝句分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝兩種形式。
全部倒裝
謂語(yǔ)部分全部置于主語(yǔ)之前的句子便是全部倒裝句。
（1）在以there,here, now, then, in, away, up, down, 等副詞開頭的句子中：
例如：Away went the crowd one by one.（人們一個(gè)一個(gè)地離去。）
Here comes our teacher!（我們的老師來(lái)了。）
There goes the bell.
如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，主謂不須倒裝。
例如：There he comes.
Away they hurried.
（2）當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，也常常引起全部倒裝。
例如：South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
（3）表語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí)，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語(yǔ) + 連系動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)”。
例如：Present at the meeting were Mr Li, Mr Wang and other guests.
Gone are the days when we used foreign oil.
Among the goods are trees, flowers, candles and toys.
注意：用于全部倒裝句型的動(dòng)詞均是不及物動(dòng)詞。常以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)出現(xiàn)。
部分倒裝
只把謂語(yǔ)的一部分（即助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞）置于主語(yǔ)之前的句子稱為部分倒裝句。
（1）疑問(wèn)句均為部分倒裝句。
（2）only修飾介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞或狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)。
例如：Only in this way can we learn English well.
Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
注意：如果only后面的部分不是作狀語(yǔ)則不用倒裝。
（3）以never, seldom, hardly, scarcely,barely, little, often, at no time, not only, no sooner, not until等詞開頭的句子。
Never shall I do that again.
Little did he know about the woman.
Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
No sooner had he got to the office than he started working.
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework..
(not until開頭時(shí)，只倒裝主句部分，從句不倒裝。)
（4）在so…that…句形中，若so提至句首，則構(gòu)成部分倒裝句。
例如：So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.
So loudly did he speak that people in the next room could hear him.
（5）在“ so / neither / nor +be / 助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ) ”句型中。
（6）在“形容詞 / 名詞 / 動(dòng)詞 +as / though ”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，對(duì)as / though從句使用部分倒裝句。
Youngest as he is, he studies best in our class.
Try as he might, he didn’t succeed.
Hard as I studied, I couldn’t catch up with him.
Much as the boy liked the toy, he didn’t buy it.
注意：在此句型中，系動(dòng)詞be/ 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/ 助動(dòng)詞依然在主語(yǔ)之后。
（7）在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件從句中，如果條件從句中謂語(yǔ)部分有were, had和should時(shí)，可以省略if, 將were, had,should和主語(yǔ)部分倒裝。
例如：Were I you, I would take the job.
Had they asked us, we would have helped them.
Should he come tonight, tell him to ring me up.
2．強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
強(qiáng)調(diào)是一種修辭效果。為了對(duì)一定語(yǔ)境下的部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行突出強(qiáng)調(diào)而采用的一種手段。
英語(yǔ)中的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式主要有兩種。
（1）強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：It is / was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that / who …
使用此句型時(shí)，需主要以下幾點(diǎn)：
①不管被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分中的名詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，其前的be只有 is和 was兩種形式。
②被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分如果是“人”時(shí)，可以使用who / that。其他情況只能使用that。
③注意此句型在疑問(wèn)句中的使用。
其句型變體為：特殊疑問(wèn)詞 + is / was + it + that…?
④此句型不能用于對(duì)謂語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)。
（2）do / does / did + 動(dòng)詞原形。此強(qiáng)調(diào)方式是對(duì)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是語(yǔ)法的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容，也是考試中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。尤其是其易與名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句相混淆，就更增加了難度。現(xiàn)結(jié)合近年來(lái)的考試試題等剖析一下強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的考查熱點(diǎn)，以期有助于大家克服這一難點(diǎn)。
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是：It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that .. 。該句型是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以是主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)如果是人，that可以由who換用。如果把這種句型結(jié)構(gòu)劃掉后，應(yīng)該是一個(gè)完整無(wú)缺的句子。這也是判斷強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與其它從句的方法。
It was on Monday night that all this happened. 所有這一切發(fā)生在周一晚上。
It’s me that he blamed. 他怪的是我。
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的考察熱點(diǎn)
1)考查對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)的識(shí)別
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)形式為: It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who/whom +句子的其余部分。如果原句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用的是現(xiàn)在范疇的時(shí)態(tài) (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成/現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)等), 用It is ... that ...。例如:
1)It is the ability to do the job________matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
【答案】B。
【解析】如果原句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去范疇的時(shí)態(tài) (一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等), 則用It was ... that ...。例如:
2)It was between 1989 and 1999 ________ great changes took place in our hometown.
A. when B. that C. which D. because
【答案】B。
2)考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的疑問(wèn)句式
變換句型是增加試題難度的手段之一, 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)本身就讓學(xué)生“有些糊涂”, 若再使用其疑問(wèn)式就更有些讓學(xué)生“頭疼”了。
一般疑問(wèn)句式: Is/Was it+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?
特殊疑問(wèn)句式: 特殊疑問(wèn)詞+is/was it+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?
3. Was________his illness________he didn’t go to see the film?
A. necessary; when B. that important of; why
C. even if; for D. it because of; that
【答案】D 。
4. Was________that I saw last night at the corner?
A. it you B. not you C. you D. that yourself
【答案】A。
3)考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的學(xué)習(xí)、掌握中有很多難點(diǎn),同時(shí)也是易錯(cuò)點(diǎn), 這些容易出錯(cuò)的地方,也是各種考試考查的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。這些易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)有:
(1) 強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 通常只使用that, 而不能使用when, where, why。
7. It was because of bad weather________the football match had to be put off.
A. so B. so that C. why D. that
【答案】D。
【解析】以上三題均為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型, 分別強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(only when I reread his poems recently)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) (in Qingdao) 和原因狀語(yǔ) (because of bad weather), 均只能使用that。
(2) 當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是not .. until句型時(shí), 應(yīng)將not置于until之前, 主句由否定句改為肯定句。
8. It was not until 1920________regular radio broadcast began.
A. while B. which C. that D. since
【答案】C。
(3)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與之保持一致。
【誤】 It is I who/ that is going to be sent there to help them.
【正】 It is I who/ that am going to be sent there to help them.
4) 強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)且其為人稱代詞時(shí), 應(yīng)注意其形式，仍用主格或賓格形式。
【誤】It was her that told me about it.
【正】It was she that told me about it.
【誤】It is I who the teacher has punished.
【正】It is me whom the teacher has punished.
4)考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與相關(guān)句型的辨析
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型極易與定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句等相關(guān)句型混淆, 故考試也?？疾檫@方面的內(nèi)容。例如:
A. 與定語(yǔ)從句的辨析
9. Was it during the Second World War________he died?
A. that B. while C. in which D. then
【答案】A。
【解析】本題易錯(cuò)選C, 以為是定語(yǔ)從句修飾the Second World War。該題可還原為: He died during the Second World War.
B. 與名詞性從句的辨析
10. It was ________ he said ________ disappointed me.
A. what; that B. that; that C. what; what D. that; what
【答案】A。
【解析】本題同時(shí)考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型和名詞性從句這兩個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn),學(xué)生易錯(cuò)選C,認(rèn)為兩處均為名詞性從句。該題可還原為: What he said disappointed me.
C. 與狀語(yǔ)從句的辨析
11. It was about 600 years ago________the first clock with an hour hand was made.
A. that B. until C. before D. when
【答案】A。
【解析】本題易錯(cuò)選C和D,認(rèn)為是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或定語(yǔ)從句。判斷是否強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)易方法是“還原法”, 即看其能否刪除"It is/was...(that/who/whom)..."部分后還原為一個(gè)單句。能者則是,不能者則不是。該題可還原為: The first clock with a face and an hour hand was made about 600 years ago.
D. 與there be句型的辨析
12. ________is no possibility________Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that B. It; that C. There; whether D. It; whether A
【答案】A。
【解析】本題為there be句型,而非強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。that引導(dǎo)的為同位語(yǔ)從句, 作possibility的同位語(yǔ)。
平行結(jié)構(gòu)
一、連詞連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等的詞和對(duì)等的結(jié)構(gòu)
并列連詞and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not only … but (also), rather than等以及從屬連詞than可連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等的詞和對(duì)等的結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)上述并列連詞連接兩項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)對(duì)等成分時(shí)，這些成分必須同詞性、同形式。特別注意出現(xiàn)三項(xiàng)以上(含三項(xiàng))的并列成分，多是考試焦點(diǎn)。
1. 所連接的謂語(yǔ)形式必須一致
He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.
Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.
2. 所連接的詞或短語(yǔ)形式必須一致
Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.
We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.
I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.
3. 連接的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式必須一致
Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.
He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.
4. 所連接的句子結(jié)構(gòu)必須一致
She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.
The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us.
二、某些特定的固定結(jié)構(gòu)。
(1) 有些詞后要用平行結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：prefer sth to sth, prefer doing sth to doing sth, prefer to do sth rather than do sth。如：
I prefer rice to noodles.
I prefer watching TV to listening to music.
He preferred to die rather than surrender.
(2)有些結(jié)構(gòu)中要用平行結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do something as do something (寧可……也不……)
Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up.
I would as soon stay at home as go.
(3)比較級(jí)句型要求對(duì)比雙方結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)等，比較范圍相當(dāng)。如：
Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
A. as was B. than was C. than did D. as did (92.8)
[答案] C 比較句型 more…than 要求比較的雙方結(jié)構(gòu)相等。前項(xiàng)是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)形式had，故選(C)than did與之平行。
The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than-------
A. that of its mining and farming combined B. mining and farming combination
C. that mining and farming combined D. of its combination mining and farming
[答案] A 此句比較的是utah的年產(chǎn)值(the annual worth) (A)中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比較的范圍，內(nèi)容一致。
三、What … is / was … 結(jié)構(gòu)常用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，is/ was后面是強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分。例如：
What hurts is my left leg.
What I like is her style.
4．插入
英語(yǔ)句子中（尤其在口語(yǔ)中）常插入一些單詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，用來(lái)補(bǔ)充某些含義，語(yǔ)法上稱它們?yōu)椤安迦胝Z(yǔ)”。插入語(yǔ)在句子中起到解釋、說(shuō)明等作用，有時(shí)表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的一種看法。很多插入語(yǔ)對(duì)句子本身影響并不大，如果去掉它，我們?nèi)匀磺宄渥颖磉_(dá)的意思。然而有些插入語(yǔ)是句子中不可缺少的成分，如果去掉，句子的意思表達(dá)就不完整了，如for example, in other words等。因此正確分析插入語(yǔ)對(duì)于我們做單選題和正確理解短文的意思意義重大，我們應(yīng)該注意。
插入語(yǔ)類型
（1）單詞（多為副詞）
單詞作插入語(yǔ)時(shí)位置比較活，句中、句末和句首均可以出現(xiàn)。常見的作插入語(yǔ)的單詞有though,however, therefore, personally, luckily, fortunately, obviously等。
She had seen the picture. However, she never told it to anyone.
Luckily, his father’s second wife was kind to him.
（2）短語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)都可以作插入語(yǔ)，它們?cè)诰渥又衅鸬窖a(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。 見作插入語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)有：for example, by the way, in some way, juding from, to tell you the truth, so far, on the contrary, no wonder, worse still, to start / begin with等。
如：By the way, how can I find you?
To tell you the truth, I have found out that he stole the car.
（3）句子
常見作插入語(yǔ)的句子有：do you think / expect, I believe, do you know, what’s more, what’s worse, let’s say, that is to say, as far as I know等。
如：He is an honest man, I believe.
As far as I know, Jack isn’t clever.
How soon will he be ready, do you expect?
When do you expect he will come back?
Who do you guess has taken away the book?
句法結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)化練習(xí)
1. ___________ is still a controversial issue.
A. If he is the right person for the job B. That he is the right person for the job
C. Whether he is the right person for the job D. He is the right person for the job
2. They talked about things and persons ____ they remembered in the school.
A. who B. which C. that D. what
3. The Latin class had twenty students, ____ had had much better language training than I.
A. most of which B. which C. most of them D. most of whom
4. The establishment of the company shall start from the day ____ the business license of the company is issued.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. whenever
5. You ________ me because I didn't say that.
A. must misunderstand B. must be misunderstanding
C. must have misunderstood D. had to misunderstand
6. Hardly had the minister finished his statement ___________ several reporters raised their hands and put forward a string of questions.
A. when B. as C. then D. than
7. ___________the letter, I ran out of the room to the post office.
A. After I had finished for B. No sooner that I had finished up
C. As soon as I finished writing D. Since I finished up to write
8. California’s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first ________ any other state.
A. that exceeded B. exceeded that C. exceeded that of D.that exceeded of
9. Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ________ a politician.
A.such B. more C. as D. than
10. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to the body.
A. the stress it is greater B. greater is the stress
C. greater stress is D. the greater the stress
句法結(jié)構(gòu)練習(xí)詳解
1.【答案】C。【解析】A. if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，不合題意；B. that引導(dǎo)名詞從句，但“that”是引導(dǎo)詞，不做任何成分，此句意思肯定，即“他是工作的合適人選”與后面的“controversial”相矛盾；C. whether 引導(dǎo)名詞從句，“是否”，合乎題意；D. 是B句中 “that” 的省略，也不對(duì)。
2.【答案】C?！窘馕觥?定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞 that常用于下列幾種情況：1)先行詞中含有人和物 時(shí)；2)先行詞為anything, everything, all等不定代詞；3)先行詞被any, no, every, little, much所修飾；4)先行詞被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)；5)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)。
3.【答案】D?！窘馕觥慨?dāng)非限定性從句修飾物時(shí)，應(yīng)該用 which引導(dǎo)從句,但當(dāng)其修飾人時(shí)，應(yīng)該用 who,whom或whose。A和B選項(xiàng)不符合此原則。C選項(xiàng)前應(yīng)改為句號(hào)才對(duì)。
4.【答案】B?！窘馕觥窟@是個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，從句需要一個(gè)含 day在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，特指的一天，其前應(yīng)用介詞on。
5.【答案】C?！窘馕觥縨ust+have+過(guò)去分詞：表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情的有把握的肯定猜測(cè)。must+動(dòng)詞原形：表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情的猜測(cè)。must+be+doing：表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或在此刻前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的猜測(cè)。
6.【答案】A。【解析】Hardly…when是固定關(guān)聯(lián)詞組,意為 “一……就……” 類似的有: scarlely…when, no sooner…than, 因此正確答案為A。
7.【答案】C?！窘馕觥縡inish為及物動(dòng)詞，往往后邊直接跟名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞，表示做完某項(xiàng)事或完成某項(xiàng)動(dòng)作，故此句只有選C正確。此外，即使使用no sooner，但如果置于句首，謂語(yǔ)也必須倒裝。因此本題答案為C。
8.【答案】C?！窘馕觥縿?dòng)詞exceeded (超過(guò))要求比較的內(nèi)容相當(dāng)。C. 代詞that用以指代比較的內(nèi)容 “farm output”。
9.【答案】C?！窘馕觥縿?dòng)詞rival (比得上)要求比較二項(xiàng)結(jié)構(gòu)相等。
10.【答案】D?！窘馕觥縏he less the surface 與答案D. the greater the stress 是完全對(duì)等的結(jié)構(gòu)。
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