現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)專項(xiàng)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去 但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have (has)+過(guò)去分詞。不少同學(xué)對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法感到困惑，下面我們來(lái)對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法以及現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別做一個(gè)詳細(xì)分析?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：just,yet, before, recently, once, lately等；也可以同表示瀕度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如often, ever,never, sometimes, twice, on severaloccasions等；也同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如now, today, this morning, this year,this month等，但不能同特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用（in 1993, last year等）。
（一）表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
如： Have you read that story？
你讀過(guò)那個(gè)故事嗎？
（“讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是：是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。）
I have bought two apples．
我買(mǎi)了兩個(gè)蘋(píng)果。
（“買(mǎi)”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是：擁有兩個(gè)蘋(píng)果。）
在學(xué)習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的幾個(gè)副詞：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。
如： I have already finished my homework．我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。 He has justhad his meal．他剛吃過(guò)飯。 Have you ever sung this Englishsong？你曾唱過(guò)這首英文歌嗎？ They haven't started yet．他們還沒(méi)有動(dòng)身。 We have neverheard of it．我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。
（二）表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
1、因?yàn)楸硎镜氖浅掷m(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，所以使用的動(dòng)詞通常是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：be, stay,study, wait, keep, have… 等；
2、使用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常由for或since 引導(dǎo)，但二者后接的詞有所不同：
for后常跟一個(gè)時(shí)間段，指某個(gè)動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已持續(xù)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
如：for three years, for half an hour等。
since 作介詞，后面可以接一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如since 1980，也可以接“一段時(shí)間+ago”,如: since threeyears ago, since two months ago等。
since 還可用作連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
如：We have known each other since we went to college.
3、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能直接和for 或since 連用，但我們可以找一個(gè)相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)替換這些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，
如: come→be, come to→be in / at, go out→ beout, leave→be away,
begin→be on, stop→ beover， buy→have, borrow→ keep,
open→be open, close→beclosed, join→be a member of,
die→be dead, catch acold→have a cold, get toknow→know,
become a teacher →be ateacher, fall asleep→beasleep, fallill→ be ill等。
4、句型It is the first （second, third...) timethat...的that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)幾次。
如：It is the first time that I have been here. 用于This/That/It isthe first(second…) time that…句型中。如：
It is the first time that I have visited your beautiful city.這是我第三次參觀這個(gè)美麗的城市了。
■用于This/That/It is +the+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+that…句型中用在“It(This) is(will be) the first/second/third…time+ that從句”中
在這種從句中，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞為is/will be時(shí)，that-從句的動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，that可以省略。主句中的主語(yǔ)還可用this, this evening等;這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的first也可用其他序數(shù)詞；time也可由其他名詞替代。
-Do you know our town at all?你對(duì)我們城鎮(zhèn)熟悉嗎？
-No, this is the first time I have been here.不熟，這是我第一次來(lái)這里。
It's the first time I've been here.這是我第一次到這里來(lái)。
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.這將是我第一次當(dāng)眾講話。That’sthe most interesting book I’ve ever read. 這是我看過(guò)的最有意思的書(shū)。
It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) +名詞+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句要求用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
This is the best film I’ve everseen.這是我所看過(guò)得最好的一部電影。
This is the most interesting novel he has everwritten.這是他寫(xiě)得最好的一部小說(shuō)。（三）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法比較
1、一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。說(shuō)話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過(guò)去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)"現(xiàn)在"產(chǎn)生的影響。
如： He visited Guilin in 1998.
他1998年參觀過(guò)桂林。(只說(shuō)明去桂林的時(shí)間)
2、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
如： Jill has bought a new computer.
吉爾買(mǎi)了一臺(tái)新電腦。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺(tái)新電腦)
3、 兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分
(1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是"助動(dòng)詞have /has +過(guò)去分詞"。
(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago,just now, in 2002等；
而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week,since..., for...等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
（3）看看以下的幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別？
① Have you seen the film?(A)
Did you see the film?(B)[說(shuō)明]你看過(guò)這部電影嗎？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解；(B)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。
② How has he done it?(A)
How did he do it?(B)
[說(shuō)明]他是怎么做的這件事？(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；(B)句單純的詢問(wèn)做這件事的方式。
③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)
He lived in Beijing for 8years.(B)
[說(shuō)明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過(guò)8年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了。
5.幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)
(1)have been(to)與have gone( to)的區(qū)別：havebeen(to)表示“去過(guò)某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)”，可用于各人稱；havegone(to)表示“去某地了(說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)?”，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once ,never,severaltimes等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^(guò)北京兩次。
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
(2)如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。如：It is two years sincehis father died. =His father has been dead for twoyears.他父親去世已有三年了。
(3)終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。
如：I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來(lái)，我一直沒(méi)有離開(kāi)過(guò)這兒。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見(jiàn)兩種句型：
①主語(yǔ)＋have / has been＋for短語(yǔ)
②It is＋一段時(shí)間＋ since從句
例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three yearssince he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了。 在表達(dá)一個(gè)在過(guò)去開(kāi)始而現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作時(shí)，某些動(dòng)詞既可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，也可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。這樣的動(dòng)詞有expect，hope，learn，lie，live，look，rain，sleep，sit，snow，stand，stay，study，teach，wait，want，work等
How long have you learnt English？你學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)多久了？
How long have you been learning English？（譯文同上。）
He has slept for ten hours．他已經(jīng)睡了十個(gè)小時(shí)了。
He has been sleeping for ten hours．（譯文同上。）
It has snowed for a long time．雪下了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。
It has been snowing for a long time．（譯文同上。）
沒(méi)有進(jìn)行式的動(dòng)詞不可能有這樣的用法，即現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不能代替以下例句中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
They’ve always had a big garden．他們一直有一座大花園。
How long have you known that？你知道這事多久了？
He’s been in hospital since his accident．
他從發(fā)生事故之后，一直在醫(yī)院里。
注意：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以和時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用，也可以不連用，這一點(diǎn)就有別于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，因?yàn)楹笳吲c像for six days，sinceJune，never等一些時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用才能表示這類動(dòng)作。不用這些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)指的是完成了的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。
B 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)可以作為連續(xù)的動(dòng)作用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示：
I’ve written six letters since breakfast．早飯后我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)了六封信。
I’ve been writing letters since breakfast．早飯后我一直在寫(xiě)信。
I have knocked five times．I don’t think anyone’s in．
我敲了五次門(mén)。我想屋里沒(méi)有人。
I’ve been knocking．I don’t think anybody’s in．
我一直在敲門(mén)。我想屋里沒(méi)有人
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：
I have read the book. 我讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。I have been reading the book.我一直在讀這本書(shū)。
【注】有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(如work, study, live, teach,stay等)在表示持續(xù)一時(shí)間時(shí)用這兩種時(shí)態(tài)含義差不多(只是用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性)：
How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在這兒工作多久了？
I’ve lived [been living] here since 1988. 自1988年以來(lái)我就一直住在這兒。
(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常只陳述事實(shí)，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可表示一種感****彩：
I have waited for two hours. 我等了兩小時(shí)。(陳述事實(shí))
I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。(等得好辛苦)
(3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通常用來(lái)談?wù)撦^短暫的動(dòng)作或情況，若要談?wù)摃r(shí)間延續(xù)較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作或情況或永久性情況，則通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：He haslived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris.他(目前)住在巴黎。(表暫時(shí)性)
(4) 不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞通常也不用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但它們可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：
I’ve only known her for two day. 我認(rèn)識(shí)她剛剛兩天。They’ve been marriedfor twenty years. 他們結(jié)婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time.這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)持續(xù)了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
(5) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，若要用可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)代替：
The house has been painted for a month. 這房子已漆了一個(gè)月。
The problem has been studied for five days. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題已研究了五天。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)
一、 單項(xiàng)選擇。
1、Both his parents look sad .Maybe they ______what'shappened to him .
A. knew B. haveknown C. mustknow D.will know
2、He has _______been to Shanghai ,has he ?A. already B.neverC.ever D.still
3、Have you met Mr Li______？ A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year.
A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes . I hope it will beeven ______ .
A.has changed ;well B.changed ; good C.has changed ;better D.changed ; better
6、Zhao Lan______already ______in this school for two years.
A. was ;studying B. will ; study C. has ;studied D. are ; studying
7、We ______Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
A.know B. had known C. have known D. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I______ it twice .
A.will see B.have seenC.saw D.see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really ? When _____ there ?
A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
—Yes . I_____ it a moment ago .
A.Did ; do ; finished B.Have ; done ; finished
C.Have ; done ; have finished D.will ; do ;finish
11、 His father ______the Party since 1978 .
A. joined B. hasjoined C. wasin D. has been in
12、—Do you know him well?
— Sure .We _________friends since ten years ago .
A. were B. havebeen C. havebecome D. have made
13、—How long haveyou ____ here ?
—About two months . A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived
14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .
A. is B. has C. will D. was
16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
A.has gone B.went C.will go D. has been
17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
A. have been in B.have been to C. have gone to D. have been
18、The students have cleaned theclassroom, ?
A. sothey B. don’tthey C. havethey D. haven’t they
19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China sincehe to China?
A. How soon,comes B. How often, got C. How long,came D. How far, arrived
20、 Hisuncle for more than9 years.
A. has come here B. has started to work C. haslived there D. has left the university
21.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _____ for 20minutes.
A. hasleft B. hadleft C. has beenaway D. had been away
22. I ______ the League for 5 years so far. A.joined B.have joined C. have been in
23.The factory ____ since the February of1988. A . has been open B. hasopened C. was open D.opened
24.Mary and Rose ____friends since they met in2000. A. have made B. have been C.made D. have become
25.You mustn't_____ until he comesback. A. beaway B.leave C. be left
26.The meeting _____ for a week now. A. hasfinished B. hasended C. has been over
27.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5years. A. has been in B. hascome to C. has taught
28.Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years . A. hasbeen B. has become C.was D.became
29. I ______ home for aweek. A. havereturned B. have beenback C. returned
30. How long _______ he ________ ? A.died B. has,died C. has, been dead
31. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon. A.slept B. wassleeping C. hassleep D. had slept
32.He ________ the car for aweek. A.bought B. hasbought C. hashad
33.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Twoweeks. A. didfall B. have,fell C. have, been
34.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown. A. hasleft B. has movedaway C. has been away from
35.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2days. A.borrow B.keep C. take
36.The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours sofar. A. hasstopped B.stopped C. has been
37.Are you _____ the jacket thesedays? A.wearing B.putting on C.dressing D. on
38.He ________ for 2 hours. A. gotup B. has gotup C. hasbeen up
39. Tom is ill in hospital. He ______ a cold for severaldays. A.is B. catches C. hascaught D. has had
40.----- How long can I ______ thebook?
------ Twoweeks. A. borrow B.lend C.get D.keep
二、 句型轉(zhuǎn)換。
1、He has neversurfed, ?（改成反意疑問(wèn)句）
2、They have been here since 2000. (對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn)) have they been here?
3、The old man _______ last year.He for a year. (die) （動(dòng)詞填空）
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)
Thisfactory ________ for twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換) Miss Gao_____ ____ _____ _____ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同義句）
Her mother _______the Party three years ________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)
_______two years ________ the Green family moved to France.
8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago.(把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子)
___________________________________________
三、 漢譯英。
1、 吉姆已做完作業(yè)，他現(xiàn)在有空了。
2、 他昨天收到一封信。
3、 我父親以前到過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。
4、 她還沒(méi)有看過(guò)那部新電影。
5、 她去過(guò)上海。
6、 他這些天上哪兒去了？
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與中考選擇填空。
1．I_______ a letter from him since heleft．（天津市）
A．didn't receive B．haven't got C．didn't haveD．haven't heard
2．—Where have you _______ these days？ —I have to Dazhu with myfriends．（重慶市）
A．been；gone B．been；been C．gone；beenD．gone；gone
3．How long have you _______ this book？（哈爾濱市） A．bought B．borrowedC．had D．lent
4．—Where's Peter？ —He _______ to Nanjing．（沈陽(yáng)市） A．is going B．hasbeen C．has gone D．went
5．You've never seen such a wonderful film before，_______？（河北?。?div style="height:15px;">
6．We have lived here _______ five years ago．（河南省） A．when B．sinceC．before D．a(chǎn)fter
8．—How do you like Beijing，Mr Black？ —Oh，I _______ such abeautiful city．（江西?。?div style="height:15px;">
