via Wikimedia. ImageDom Luis Bridge / Porto, Portugal
理解差異：將GIS和BIM之間的數(shù)據(jù)差異最小化
Mind the Gap: Minimizing Data Loss Between GIS and BIM
在建筑、工程、施工行業(yè)都存在這樣一個現(xiàn)象，項目規(guī)劃、方案設(shè)計、實際施工、項目運營等關(guān)鍵階段的重要數(shù)據(jù)常常不易被保留下來。
因為當(dāng)項目的各個階段進行數(shù)據(jù)交換的時候，不同的軟件系統(tǒng)會造成數(shù)據(jù)之間的差異，因為這些軟件只能識別自帶的數(shù)據(jù)庫。而當(dāng)這些數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)過不同軟件進行編譯，其真實性和多樣性就會降低。如果投資方需要了解項目早期的一些數(shù)據(jù)時，那么規(guī)劃師、建筑師、工程師就必須手動創(chuàng)建這些信息，這會增加許多繁瑣的工作。
但是，地理信息科學(xué)GIS行業(yè)正在逐步走向全面發(fā)展，并且結(jié)合建筑信息模型BIM的普及，這場變革將會清晰地反映設(shè)計和施工之間的轉(zhuǎn)變，這也標(biāo)志著GIS和BIM的集成使用即將到來。
BIM/GIS的結(jié)合
GIS信息主要用于在一定的背景環(huán)境中規(guī)劃道路、橋梁、機場、鐵路等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項目中，而BIM信息模型則主要用于這些建筑的設(shè)計與施工。
將這二者結(jié)合，你就能夠?qū)⒌乩砜臻g信息結(jié)合到BIM模型之中。也就是說，GIS能夠表明洪澇災(zāi)害多發(fā)地區(qū)，然后為設(shè)計者提供準(zhǔn)確的信息，其中包括這些地質(zhì)狀況對建筑的場地、功能、材料的影響。
An unfortunate fact of the AEC (architecture, engineering, and construction) industry is that, between every stage of the process—from planning and design to construction and operations—critical data is lost.
The reality is, when you move data between phases of, say, the usable lifecycle of a bridge, you end up shuttling that data back and forth between software systems that recognize only their own data sets. The minute you translate that data, you reduce its richness and value. When a project stakeholder needs data from an earlier phase of the process, planners, designers, and engineers often have to manually re-create that information, resulting in unnecessary rework.
The good news is that a disruption is brewing in the GIS (geographic information science) industry as it rapidly moves toward 3D modeling. This evolution mirrors the transformation that the design and construction industry is experiencing as it moves from 2D to 3D BIM (Building Information Modeling), and it signals the emergence of GIS and BIM integration into one holistic environment.
The BIM/GIS Alliance Begins
While GIS information is necessary for planning and operating roads, bridges, airports, rail networks, and other infrastructure in the context of their surroundings, BIM information is key for the design and construction of those structures.
Put the two together, and you have a layer of geospatial context blended into the BIM model. What this means, for example, is that GIS can provide insight about flood-prone areas and give designers accurate information to influence a structure’s location, orientation, and even construction materials.
Courtesy of Autodesk
就尺度而言，GIS信息主要針對城市、行政區(qū)、國家尺度，而BIM數(shù)據(jù)則主要針對特定的建筑。通過BIM模型，你能夠在同一個層面上設(shè)計實體模型，其中包括門窗、墻體等等。但是如果結(jié)合GIS，你就能夠在一個更加廣義的層面進行建筑設(shè)計，例如將建筑放置在某片特定場地或者道路之中。
當(dāng)你將這兩個尺度相結(jié)合時，便可以清除其中的多余數(shù)據(jù)。在BIM模型中添加地理背景往往意味著投資方能夠得到更加恰當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計方案，同時節(jié)約成本。
而這些信息都存儲在云端，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和建筑項目的投資方在任何地方都能夠查看相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，因此省去了信息傳輸?shù)穆闊?，同時還可以在不同的背景項目中運用原有數(shù)據(jù)。
BIM + 地點數(shù)據(jù) = 更好的設(shè)計方案和成本的節(jié)約
無論總承包商是否通過預(yù)制構(gòu)件進行項目施工，當(dāng)前都存在著提升運輸效率和節(jié)約時間成本的問題。在全新的工業(yè)化施工過程中引入特定的空間維度，這也許能夠大大提升在建項目的效率。
Esri和Autodesk公司努力研究BIM和GIS之間的軟件互通性，這會在物理結(jié)構(gòu)層面形成數(shù)字雙生效應(yīng)，然后在真實的世界中更好地完成方案設(shè)計，讓項目的施工與運營更加高效。
同時，這些技術(shù)已經(jīng)在整合中。例如，世界工程設(shè)計公司Mott MacDonald當(dāng)前正將GIS和BIM結(jié)合在一起，用于完成紐約Catskill Aqueduct的修建項目。這一系列的數(shù)字化工作會以先進的方式記錄、索引、檢索信息，最終讓項目能夠成功投入使用。
And then there’s scale: GIS information operates at city, regional, and country scales, whereas BIM data applies to designing and building a specific shape or structure. Now, in BIM, you may design a physical structure at an object level—sketching a door, a window, or a wall. By adding GIS, you’re managing that structure in the context of a larger, smarter landscape. A building will be connected to a parcel of land, utilities, and roads.
When you bring together these two relative scales and move information seamlessly between them, you eliminate data redundancy. Adding better geospatial context to the BIM process means the project owner gets better designs and saves money.
With all information stored in the cloud, stakeholders in both infrastructure and building projects will be able to manage data in any environment in any part of the world, yet reuse and repurpose that information in other contexts without having to continuously convert data.
BIM + Location Data = Better Design and Long-Term Savings
Whether general contractors bring the construction process into a factory for prefabrication or turn the building site into an open-air factory, there’s a new focus on improving logistics scheduling and minimizing job time and waste. Bringing a spatial dimension into this new industrialized-construction process will increase the efficiency of every project being built.
Esri and Autodesk are working on improved software interoperability for BIM and GIS, which will create a “digital twin” of a physical structure to enable better design in the context of the real world, making both construction and operations more efficient.
In the meantime, synthesis of the technologies is already underway. Case in point: Global engineering and design and firm Mott MacDonald is integrating GIS and BIM to support the rehabilitation of the lower Catskill Aqueduct on a project in New York. The resulting digital work product provides a progressive way for information to be recorded, indexed, and easily retrieved to support the successful delivery of the project.
via Flickr user alh1
風(fēng)險評估中的場地科學(xué)
就當(dāng)前而言，新道路、橋梁、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的最大限度價值提升意味著以更加優(yōu)化的方式來解決當(dāng)今城市所面對的諸如可持續(xù)發(fā)展以及城市彈性等問題。因此這就需要靈活運用BIM、CAD、以及GIS之間的動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)。
在實際場地中結(jié)合實際地理環(huán)境通過數(shù)字方式構(gòu)思方案，這能夠提前解決建筑與設(shè)計過程中所出現(xiàn)的諸多問題。在許多大型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項目中，長時間的延誤往往來源于規(guī)劃和許可階段，因為其中涉及到太多的社會、經(jīng)濟、環(huán)境影響等因素的風(fēng)險評估。工程師和規(guī)劃者能夠利用地理數(shù)據(jù)在設(shè)計之前就解決這些問題，這便是他們?nèi)绱丝粗睾樗簽E地區(qū)的信息或者地下設(shè)施的定位圖像的原因。因此，在方案中結(jié)合使用GIS和BIM，何樂而不為呢？
當(dāng)項目已建成，GIS和BIM數(shù)據(jù)同樣有用，相較于其他設(shè)施管理中的最終數(shù)據(jù)而言，GIS和BIM模型的結(jié)合能夠靈活表達各種數(shù)據(jù)需求。投資方也能夠在項目的全生命周期內(nèi)查看這些重要數(shù)據(jù)。
舉例來說，一條道路投入使用便意味著設(shè)施的管理，那么就需要安裝護欄、分隔帶、設(shè)置監(jiān)管人員。但其中仍然存在多次翻修和改造的契機，那么，當(dāng)GIS、CAD、BIM結(jié)合使用時，你便能夠提升項目的可行性，同時減少錯誤，而這種技術(shù)在項目的后期維護中同樣發(fā)揮著重要作用。
The Science of “Where” in Risk Assessment
Maximizing the long-term value of new roads, bridges, and facilities means delivering better designs to solve many of the sustainability and resiliency issues facing cities today. This will require optimizing dynamic data interchange between BIM, CAD (computer-aided design), and the geospatial information provided by GIS.
Placing a digital design in a real place, within real geography, eliminates much of the front-end risk of designing and building. The biggest delays in large infrastructure projects come from the planning and permitting phases, which involve a lot of assessments of social, economic, and environmental impacts. Engineers and planners do much of that assessment outside of the design process using geospatial data; that’s how they look at floodplain maps or locate underground utilities. So, why not design using GIS and BIM data simultaneously?
This GIS and BIM integration is equally useful once a structure is built. Rather than oversimplifying the end data provided for facilities management, the flexible model—connected to GIS—delivers everything operations need. Customers have the ability to reuse that data throughout the structure’s lifecycle.
For example, operating a road in the real world means managing utilities, managing guardrail installation, maintaining striping, and overseeing maintenance crews. There’s a lot of retrofitting and renovation. When GIS, CAD, and BIM are connected, you’re improving operability and eliminating errors. This technology convergence will play an important role in predictive maintenance, too.
Courtesy of Autodesk
關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)循環(huán)
為了建造智能城市，人們需要作出更加明確的規(guī)劃設(shè)計，這也是GIS和BIM如此重要的原因，它們能夠促進自動駕駛汽車的發(fā)展，因為汽車傳感器需要不斷地收集實時訊息。但是，由于導(dǎo)航、地理定位、路線創(chuàng)建的需求，這些軟件則依賴于高精度的電子地圖。
電子地圖可以通過計算機進行編輯，其中包含有世界地理空間信息的3D道路系統(tǒng)。在未來，當(dāng)自動駕駛汽車收集到諸如道路施工或封閉等實時更新的地理信息，電腦便也能夠自動識別哪些地區(qū)存在安全隱患，然后將這些信息反饋給相關(guān)人員進行道路的后期維護。這個過程實時而迅速，在未來的道路發(fā)展中會使用得更加普遍。
實時傳感系統(tǒng)、地理數(shù)據(jù)、模型數(shù)據(jù)的相關(guān)性提升了設(shè)計師的觀察力，同時也促進了基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)劃設(shè)計的穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。
Closing the Data Loop
To create smarter cities, we need to make smarter planning decisions, which is why connecting BIM and GIS is so critical. Think of what integrating these systems can do for the evolution of autonomous vehicles: Car sensors are constantly collecting real-time information. However, they rely upon a highly accurate machine map for navigation, local geometry, and the creation of their electronic horizon.
The machine map, which can be interpreted by computers, is best described as a 3D highway-design file enriched with real-world geospatial information. As the autonomous vehicles of tomorrow collect updated road geometry information such as lane closures or changes due to construction, they will identify high-risk areas, which can be fed back to planners designing and maintaining future roads. The whole process will become more seamless, and the Department of Transportation will become more responsive when fixing deteriorating roads.
Connecting real-time sensor systems, geographic data, and modeling data improves everyone’s insight, leading to better infrastructure-design decisions at any scale.
由專筑網(wǎng)李韌，邢子編譯
