現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(The Present Perfect Tense)
1. 動(dòng)作發(fā)生于一個(gè)非確定的過去的時(shí)間(過去的時(shí)間并不重要或根本不知道),但它的結(jié)果仍對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響.
I have read the letter, and I know what it is about.
2. 動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,目前仍在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束, 常和 "for" 加上 "一段時(shí)間", 或"since" 加上"一個(gè)確切的過去的時(shí)間" 連用.
a) "for" 用于過去的一段時(shí)間. (動(dòng)詞必須是可以延續(xù)的)
He has been there for six months. 她去那兒有6個(gè)月了。
(直到現(xiàn)在)
He went there 6 months ago.
He has never been there. 他從來都沒去過那里。(直到現(xiàn)在)
b) "since" 用于過去的一個(gè)確切的時(shí)間, 意思是"從那時(shí)一直到現(xiàn)在", 總是和完成
時(shí)一齊用, 而且不能省略. (主句動(dòng)詞必須是可以延續(xù)的)
Tim has been in Nantong since January. 自從1月份以來他一直都在南通。(現(xiàn)在仍在南通)
注意: "since" 后面的確切的過去的時(shí)間也可以是一個(gè)含有過去時(shí)的從句.
He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child.
他打小時(shí)侯起就對(duì)收集硬幣感興趣。（現(xiàn)在還是如此）
c) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和短語 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是從過去某一確定的時(shí)間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在.)
Up to/till now he‘s read many story books. 至今他已讀過好多故事書。
I‘ve been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到紐約去過三次。
3. 剛剛完成的動(dòng)作.
I‘ve just got a letter from my brother.
4. "already" 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句中, "yet" 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句和疑問句中
He has (already) visited many places in China. (already)
He has come back now. Have you ever been to Australia?
注意 "already" 在句中的兩種位置.
The train hasn‘t arrived yet.火車（到現(xiàn)在）還沒有到。
Has she arrived yet? 她已經(jīng)到了嗎？Hasn‘t he come yet? 她還沒來嗎？
I haven‘t been very successful so far.我一直都沒有成功。
注意: "have been"（去過） 和 "have gone"（去了） 的區(qū)別:
He has gone to Beijing . (He is there or is on his way there.)
He has been to Shanghai . (He was there once, but he is not there now.)
5. 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)句中無時(shí)間狀語, 它只是指一個(gè)簡單的已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作
I‘ve cleaned the sitting-room. 我已把起居室打掃過了。(已完成了工作)
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來表示一個(gè)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.
He has rung me up five times today. (五次分隔的行為)
8. 一般過去時(shí)(常帶有確切的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較:
When did you stay at this hotel?
I stayed here five years ago.
Have you ever stayed at this hotel?
Yes, I‘ve stayed here twice. (無確切的過去的時(shí)間狀語)
Yes, I stayed here for two months. (過去的一段時(shí)間, 我已不在那兒.)
Yes, I stayed here five years ago. (有確切的過去的時(shí)間狀語)
How long have you been staying at this hotel?仍在這兒)
9. 通常和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一起用的副詞:
I have just got a letter from my brother.
He has already bought an American car and has gone to the U.S.A.
He has been there for six months so far.
Mother has never been abroad before.
常和完成時(shí)連用的副詞和實(shí)踐短語：
already, yet, just, ever, never, before
today, now, this morning, this week, these days, in the past two years
for three hours, for two weeks, for years, for a long time
since three o‘clock, since last Tuesday, since 1980, since then
since he came here, since we began to learn English
II. Put the following into Chinese and tell out the difference between them:
1. I have seen the film. I saw it last night.
2. The plane has not arrived yet. It will arrive soon.
3. Where have you been? I have been to the library.
What did you do there? I returned some books.
4. Where is Xiao Li? He has gone to the playground.
5. What are you doing now? I am reading a book on radio.
How many pages have you read? About thirty.
6. How long have you been a Party member?
I have been a Party member for five years. I joined the Party five years ago.
7. She has learned English since 1981. (for ten years)
8. I haven‘t seen him since he went to the north.
III. Complete the sentences, using "for" and "since":
1. we, study, English, (five years, 1982)
2. nobody, write, to us, (National Day, almost a month)
3. it, not rain, (a long time, October)
4. i, not play, football, (last Sunday, a week)
5. he, work, in this factory, (more than ten years, 1976)
IV. Ask questions about the underlined parts:
1. Miss Brown has lived in China for ten years.
2. They have found a tortoise on the river bank.
3. We have visited the factory twice.
4. A famous scientist has just come to our school.
5. I have bought a Chinese-English Dictionary.
6. He has made ten model planes since morning.
V. Complete the following, and then give short answers:
1. Have you _______________________________ ?
be to the bookshop do your homework
return the book to him write to her
2. Has she _________________________________?
go to see the doctor borrow the magazines
clean the classroom read the story
3. How many ___________________ have you __________________ ?
learn English songs do maths exercises
built new houses take photos
4. How long has his brother _____________________ ?
study Russian stay in Beijing
be a League member teacher of this school
(Note the changes in the verbs)
join ------ be a member of buy ------ have
------ be in fall ill ------- be ill
die ------ be dead catch a cold ------ have a cold
borrow ---- keep come ------ be here
come back ------ be back come to China ----- be in China
come to work here --- work here begin ------ be on
begin to study here ----- study leave ------ be away （from）
leave here ------ be away from here go to bed ------ be asleep
start teaching ------ teach become a worker ---- be a worker
get to know each other --- know each other
take an interest in ----- be interested in
turn…on/off----- keep…on/off
open/close…----keep…open/closed
VI. Correct the mistakes in the following:
1. He has bought the pen for two years.
2. I have borrowed the book for two years.
3. The film has begun for half an hour.
4. They have come here for a month.
5. We have begun to learn English for a year.
6. My brother has joined the army for two years.
7. We have built a lot of new houses for two years.
8. When have you got there? Last year.
9. He has found the bike just now.
10. I‘m glad you‘ve come back. How long have you stayed there?
VII. Put in the verbs in their proper forms:
1. - What ________ Tom _________ (do) now?
- He ____________ (work) on a maths problem.
- _______ he _________(work) it out?
- No, not yet. I ___________ (think) he ____________ (work) it out soon.
2. Mr Smith ___________ (visit) China twice since 1980.
3. - What ______ he ___________(do)when you _________ (go) to see him yesterday morning?
- He ____________ (write) a letter ot his mother.
4. There ___________ (be) a football match tomorrow. ______ you _________ (go) with us?
5. I don‘t know how long he ___________ (be) a League member.
6. - Where does your father _________ (work)?
- He _____________ (work) in that factory.
- How long __________ he __________ (work) there?
- For over twenty years.
7. - _______ you _______ (write) to your father recently?
- Yes, I _________.
8. - _______ the train __________ (arrive) yet?
- No, not yet.
- When ___________ it _________ (arrive) then?
- In ten minutes.
9. - What ________ you _________(do) now?
- I _______________ (read) a book.
- How many pages ________ you _________ (read)?
- About thirty.
10. They _____________ (have) five English evenings last term.
11. They _____________ (have) five English evenings since last term.
12. If it _________ (not rain) tomorrow, we _________ (play) football.
VIII. Give the English for these:
1. 你去過長城嗎? 去過. 我是 1980 年去那兒的.
2. 他自從去了美國以來還沒有給我寫過信.
3. 懷特一家在這里住了已有十年了.
4. 在最近的十年里工人們?cè)谏虾Ｔ炝嗽S多新房子.
5. 史密斯先生來中國有兩星期了.
6. 小李在那兒? 他去了圖書館
7. 你爸爸當(dāng)教師有多久了?
8. 這本書你讀了幾遍?
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