python用的時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)，一般用來(lái)做字符串處理、簡(jiǎn)單測(cè)試的一些小程序。最近工作中需要做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的GUI應(yīng)用，使用麥克錄音并存成wave文件。然后就想拿wxPython練練手。
一、概述
GUI開(kāi)發(fā)采用wxPython，界面編輯工具采用wxGlade，聲音采集和播放采用PyAudio，小數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)采用sqlite3，最后使用py2exe打包發(fā)布?；镜膽?yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)流程都包括了。
二、wxGlade
界面編輯工具也是找了幾個(gè)，比如wxFormBuilder，甚至是收費(fèi)的DialogBlocks，wxFormBuilder 很漂亮，不過(guò)bug好像較多，經(jīng)常自動(dòng)退出。wxGlade有經(jīng)典的Linux GUI界面風(fēng)格，分立式窗體，了解了基本的原理后用起來(lái)很方便。主要是其中的sizer，add slot、insert slot增加空位，然后添加控件。也可以添加自定義的控件，只需要設(shè)置自定義控件的Class屬性。然后在MainFrame的Extra code for this widget增加from YourModule import YourCLass。因?yàn)榻缑姹容^簡(jiǎn)單，我沒(méi)有采用XRC資源導(dǎo)入的模式，而是直接生成MainFrame的代碼。由于界面設(shè)計(jì)可能會(huì)變，在應(yīng)用中新建一 個(gè)MainFrameEx類(lèi)繼承MainFrame，將事件處理放在繼承類(lèi)中完成。這樣每次使用wxGlade編輯界面后可以直接覆蓋生成的代碼。
三、PyAudio
PyAudio是從PortAudio移植的，現(xiàn)在還是alpha版。不過(guò)使用起來(lái)還真是方便，看看網(wǎng)站上提供的example就可以了。沒(méi)有什么大問(wèn)題。需要注意多線(xiàn)程的問(wèn)題，PyAudio對(duì)象盡量復(fù)用。注意線(xiàn)程中刷新wxWidget需要使用wx.CallAfter方法。
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
import pyaudio
import wave
import threading
import wx
import datetime
import traceback
import os
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger("root")
class BMRecord(threading.Thread):
CHUNK = 1024
FORMAT = pyaudio.paInt16 # 至少為16位
DEVICE = 1
CHANNELS = 1
RATE = 44100
RECORD_SECONDS = 5
def __init__(self, window, audio, device, prefix):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.window = window
self.audio = audio
self.prefix = prefix # wave文件命名的前綴
self.DEVICE = device
self.CHANNELS = 2 # 雙通道采集
self.RECORD_SECONDS = int(window.params["length"])
self.RATE = int(window.params["rate"])
self.FORMAT = pyaudio.paInt16
def record(self):
self.filename = ""
self.filetime = ""
try :
stream = self.audio.open(format=self.FORMAT,
channels=self.CHANNELS,
rate=self.RATE,
input=True,
input_device_index=self.DEVICE,
frames_per_buffer=self.CHUNK)
frames = []
for i in range(0, int(self.RATE * self.RECORD_SECONDS / self.CHUNK)):
data = stream.read(self.CHUNK)
frames.append(data)
i = i
stream.stop_stream()
stream.close()
now = datetime.datetime.now()
strnow = now.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S')
self.filetime = now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
savepath = self.checkPath(strnow)
# 雙聲道存為兩個(gè)單聲道文件
frames1 = []
frames2 = []
wavedata = b''.join(frames)
for i in range(len(wavedata) / 4):
frames1.append(wavedata[i * 4 : i * 4 + 2])
frames2.append(wavedata[i * 4 + 2 : i * 4 + 4])
# 雙聲道存儲(chǔ)
fullpath = savepath + "/" + strnow + self.prefix + "X.wav"
wf = wave.open(fullpath, 'wb')
wf.setnchannels(2)
wf.setsampwidth(self.audio.get_sample_size(self.FORMAT))
wf.setframerate(self.RATE)
wf.writeframes(wavedata)
wf.close()
# 兩個(gè)單聲道存儲(chǔ)
filenames = [strnow + self.prefix + "Z.wav", strnow + self.prefix + "Y.wav"]
fullpath = savepath + "/" + filenames[0]
wf = wave.open(fullpath, 'wb')
wf.setnchannels(1)
wf.setsampwidth(self.audio.get_sample_size(self.FORMAT))
wf.setframerate(self.RATE)
wf.writeframes(b''.join(frames1))
wf.close()
fullpath = savepath + "/" + filenames[1]
wf = wave.open(fullpath, 'wb')
wf.setnchannels(1)
wf.setsampwidth(self.audio.get_sample_size(self.FORMAT))
wf.setframerate(self.RATE)
wf.writeframes(b''.join(frames2))
wf.close()
self.message = "錄制成功"
self.filenames = filenames
logger.info(filenames[0] + "," + filenames[1] + ", recorded")
return 0
except Exception:
self.message = traceback.format_exc()
logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
return -1
def checkPath(self, pathname):
curpath = os.path.abspath(os.curdir)
strdate = pathname[0:8]
fullpath = curpath + "/data/" + strdate
if not os.path.exists(fullpath) :
os.makedirs(fullpath)
return fullpath
def run(self):
ret = self.record()
wx.CallAfter(self.window.recordResult, ret, self.filenames, self.filetime, self.message)
四、sqlite
sqlite模塊是Python內(nèi)置的用起來(lái)很方便：
import sqlite3
import datetime
class BMDatabase():
def loadData(self, whichDay):
conn = sqlite3.connect("data/bmon.db")
cur = conn.cursor()
start = datetime.datetime.strptime(whichDay, "%Y-%m-%d")
end = start + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
res = cur.execute("select * from CheckRecord where rec_time between ? and ? order by rec_time", (start, end))
return res.fetchall()
def getFile(self, waveFile):
conn = sqlite3.connect("data/bmon.db")
cur = conn.cursor()
res = cur.execute("select * from CheckRecord where rec_file=?", (waveFile,))
row = res.fetchone()
return row
def save(self, filename, filetime, result):
conn = sqlite3.connect("data/bmon.db")
cur = conn.cursor()
record = [(filename, filetime, result)]
cur.executemany('INSERT INTO CheckRecord (rec_file,rec_time,result) VALUES (?,?,?)', record)
conn.commit()
五、自定義wxWidget控件
自繪控件主要是處理EVT_PAINT事件： self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT, self.on_paint)
import wx
class WavePane(wx.StaticText):
waveData = None
spectrum = None
def __init__(self, parent, nid=wx.ID_ANY, caption=""):
wx.StaticText.__init__(self, parent)
self.SetBackgroundStyle(wx.BG_STYLE_CUSTOM)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_SIZE, self.on_size)
self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT, self.on_paint)
def on_size(self, event):
self.Refresh()
event.Skip()
def on_paint(self, event):
w, h = self.GetClientSize()
dc = wx.AutoBufferedPaintDC(self)
brush = wx.Brush(wx.Color(0, 0, 0x80), wx.SOLID)
dc.SetBrush(brush)
dc.Clear()
dc.SetPen(wx.Pen(wx.BLACK, 1))
dc.SetTextForeground(wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0))
font = dc.GetFont()
font.SetPointSize(8)
dc.SetFont(font)
dc.DrawRectangle(0, 0, w - 1, h - 1)
if self.waveData <> None:
dc.BeginDrawing()
dc.SetPen(wx.Pen(wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0), 1))
au = self.waveData
step = int(au.nframes / w)
height = au.height # 或者65536 / 2.0
i = 0
j = 0
while i < au.nframes:
if au.frames[2 * i + 1] >= 0x80: # 負(fù)數(shù)
value = au.frames[2 * i] + au.frames[2 * i + 1] * 256 - 65536
else:
value = au.frames[2 * i] + au.frames[2 * i + 1] * 256
dc.DrawLine(j, int(h / 2.0), j, int(h / 2.0 * (1 - value * 1.0 / height)))
i += step
j += 1
if 2 * i + 1 >= au.nframes * 2:
break;
dc.DrawText(str(au.maxValue), 1, 1)
dc.DrawText(str(au.minValue), 1, h - 16)
dc.EndDrawing()
elif self.spectrum <> None :
dc.BeginDrawing()
dc.SetPen(wx.Pen(wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0), 1))
brush = wx.Brush(wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0), wx.SOLID)
dc.SetBrush(brush)
dc.SetTextForeground(wx.RED)
barWidth = int(w / 72)
i = 0
j = barWidth
while i < 36:
y = int((1 - self.spectrum[i] * 1.0 / self.maxSpectrum) * h)
dc.DrawRectangle(j, y , barWidth, h - y - 1)
if y < h - 2:
dc.FloodFill(j + 1, y + 1, wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0), wx.FLOOD_BORDER)
# Bar的編號(hào)
if i == 0 or(i + 1) % 5 == 0:
if i < 9:
dc.DrawText(str(i + 1), j + 4, h - 13)
else:
dc.DrawText(str(i + 1), j , h - 13)
i += 1
j += barWidth * 2
dc.SetTextForeground(wx.Color(0, 0xFF, 0))
dc.DrawText(str(self.maxSpectrum), 1, 1)
dc.EndDrawing()
def setWaveData(self, waveData):
self.waveData = waveData
self.Refresh()
def setSpectrum(self, spectrum):
self.spectrum = spectrum
if spectrum <> None:
maxValue = 0
for i in range(0, 36):
if spectrum[i] > maxValue :
maxValue = spectrum[i]
self.maxSpectrum = maxValue
self.Refresh()
六、日志的使用
使用循環(huán)日志
import logging.handlers
logger = logging.getLogger("root")
handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'bmon.log'),
maxBytes=5 * 1024 * 1024, backupCount=5)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(levelname)s: %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
七、py2exe
最后一步就是打包成可執(zhí)行文件。setup.py：
from distutils.core import setup
import py2exe
# setup(console=["hello.py"])
py2exe_options = dict({
"includes":['sip', 'encodings', 'encodings.ascii', 'encodings.utf_8', 'encodings.cp866'],
"dll_excludes":["MSVCP90.dll"]})
setup(version="1.0",
description="Bearing Monitor",
name="bmon",
zipfile=None,
dist_dir="bmon",
windows=["bmon.py"],
options={'py2exe': py2exe_options},
icon_resources=[(1, "check_all.ico")],
data_files=[("", ["check_all.ico"])]
)
然后命令行下執(zhí)行：python setup.py py2exe，就可以生成dist發(fā)布目錄
八、小結(jié)
這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單應(yīng)用涉及的主要模塊就這么幾個(gè)，組合成了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的GUI應(yīng)用。Python開(kāi)發(fā)還真是很簡(jiǎn)單，前提是得熟悉各種模塊。
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