United Kingdom
State schools are so called in contrast to privately funded and operated independent schools. Independent schools are commonly called "public schools" in England, because enrollment is open to the general public - provided the public in question can afford the fees. Enrollment in the English "private school," by comparison, is closed to the general public.
In Scotland, where the eductional system is distinctly different from the rest of UK, the term public school is used by many to refer to state schools (here,public meaning publicly-supported), which is the usage one also finds in Canada and the United States.
Throughout U.K., state schools are under the control of local councils (Local Education Authorities in England and Wales), save for cases where independent schools are funded directly as in City Academies. Thus in the great majority of cases the phrase "state school" is a misnomer, and the more correct term maintained school is used in technical literature.
Some maintained schools are partially funded by religious or other charitable bodies; these are known as voluntary aided schools or voluntary controlled schools.
The oldest state school in England is Beverley Grammar School, which was founded in 700 CE.
Australia
In Australia state schools are the responsibility of the state governments. States Schools grew out of the system of National Schools in the mid-19th century.
United States
In the United States, state school is a colloquial term for state university, a college or university in a state university system. Public school refers to primary and secondary schools which are funded and/or run by a governmental entity.
State school is also a term used somewhat condescendingly or derisively by students and alumni of some "University of" schools to refer to "State University" schools of the same state, e.g., referring to any California State University from the perspective of the University of California.
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