林肯：解放黑奴宣言
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION:
By the President of the United States of America:
1862年9月22日，一個(gè)瘦弱而偉大的總統(tǒng)用顫抖的雙手簽署了這份宣言，他知道雖然該宣言會(huì)激起奴隸主們的反抗，可能會(huì)造成國家南北的分裂。但為了結(jié)束一個(gè)資本主義與奴隸制并存的畸形社會(huì)，他用顫抖的雙手簽了，雖然此后他的擔(dān)心成真了，而且自己還被同情奴隸制的蒲斯刺殺了。但統(tǒng)一后的美利堅(jiān)合眾國在通往現(xiàn)代化的道路上一路狂飆，創(chuàng)造了無數(shù)現(xiàn)代文明，引領(lǐng)了整個(gè)20世紀(jì)。這個(gè)丑陋而羸弱的總統(tǒng)也成就了美國歷史上最偉大的總統(tǒng)。
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION:
By the President of the United States of America:
A PROCLAMATION
Whereas on the 22nd day of September, A.D. 1862, a proclamation wasissued by the President of the United States, containing, among otherthings, the following, to wit:
"That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaveswithin any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shallthen be in rebellion against the United States shall be then,thenceforward, and forever free; and the executive government of theUnited States, including the military and naval authority thereof, willrecognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do no actor acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts theymay make for their actual freedom.
"That the executive will on the 1st day of January aforesaid, byproclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, inwhich the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellionagainst the United States; and the fact that any State or the peoplethereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congressof the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein amajority of the qualified voters of such States shall have participatedshall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemedconclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof are not thenin rebellion against the United States."
Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, byvirtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief of the Army andNavy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against theauthority and government of the United States, and as a fit andnecessary war measure for supressing said rebellion, do, on this 1stday of January, A.D. 1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do,publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from thefirst day above mentioned, order and designate as the States and partsof States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day inrebellion against the United States the following, to wit:
Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard,Palquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension,Assumption, Terrebone, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans,including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except theforty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the countiesof Berkeley, Accomac, Morthhampton, Elizabeth City, York, PrincessAnne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), andwhich excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if thisproclamation were not issued.
And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do orderand declare that all persons held as slaves within said designatedStates and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; andthat the Executive Government of the United States, including themilitary and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain thefreedom of said persons.
And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstainfrom all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend tothem that, in all case when allowed, they labor faithfully forreasonable wages.
And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitablecondition will be received into the armed service of the United Statesto garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to manvessels of all sorts in said service.
And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice,warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke theconsiderate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.
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On Jan. 1, 1863, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln declared free allslaves residing in territory in rebellion against the federalgovernment. This Emancipation Proclamation actually freed few people.It did not apply to slaves in border states fighting on the Union side;nor did it affect slaves in southern areas already under Union control.Naturally, the states in rebellion did not act on Lincoln‘s order. Butthe proclamation did show Americans--and the world--that the civil warwas now being fought to end slavery.
Lincoln had been reluctant to come to this position. A believer inwhite supremacy, he initially viewed the war only in terms ofpreserving the Union. As pressure for abolition mounted in Congress andthe country, however, Lincoln became more sympathetic to the idea. OnSept. 22, 1862, he issued a preliminary proclamation announcing thatemancipation would become effective on Jan. 1, 1863, in those statesstill in rebellion. Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not endslavery in America--this was achieved by the passage of the 13THAmendment to the Constitution on Dec. 18, 1865--it did make thataccomplishment a basic war goal and a virtual certainty.
DOUGLAS T. MILLER
Bibliography: Commager, Henry Steele, The Great Proclamation
(1960); Donovan, Frank, Mr. Lincoln‘s Proclamation (1964);
Franklin, John Hope, ed., The Emancipation Proclamation (1964).
1862年9月22日，合眾國總統(tǒng)曾發(fā)出一道宣言，其內(nèi)容如下：
“1863年元月1日起，凡在當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣裆性诜纯购媳妵娜魏我恢葜畠?nèi)，或一州的指明地區(qū)之內(nèi)，為人占有而做奴隸的人們都應(yīng)在那時(shí)及以后永遠(yuǎn)獲得自由；公眾國政府行政部門，包括海陸軍當(dāng)局，將承認(rèn)并保障這些人的自由，當(dāng)他們或他們之中的任何人為自己的自由而作任何努力時(shí)，不作任何壓制他們的行為。
政府的行政部門將于上述的元月1日，以公告宣布那些州或那些州的那些地區(qū)的人民當(dāng)時(shí)尚在反抗合眾國，如果有的話；在那一天任何一州或其人民以大多數(shù)合法選舉人參加選舉出來的代表參加合眾國國會(huì)，同時(shí)沒有強(qiáng)有力的反證時(shí)，這種事實(shí)就是該州及其人民沒有反抗合眾國的確實(shí)證據(jù)”。
所以現(xiàn)在我，合眾國總統(tǒng)阿伯拉罕·林肯，以在反抗合眾國政府當(dāng)局的武裝叛變時(shí)期被授權(quán)為合眾國海陸軍總司令的職權(quán)，作為一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)?、必須的?zhàn)略措施以便鎮(zhèn)壓上述叛變，特于1863年元月1日，從上面第一次所說之日起至今足足一百天的期間，根據(jù)這樣的目的公開宣布現(xiàn)在反對(duì)合眾國者有如下諸州及某些州的下列地區(qū)及其人民：
阿肯色、得克薩斯、路易西安那（除去圣伯爾拿、普拉奎明、哲斐孫、圣約翰、圣查理、圣詹姆士、亞森湘、亞森普欣、得里保恩、拉伐什、圣馬利、圣馬丁以及奧爾良等郡，包括新奧爾良城在內(nèi)）、密西西比、阿拉巴馬、弗羅里達(dá)、喬治亞、南卡羅來納、北卡羅來納和佛吉尼亞（除去西佛吉尼亞四十八個(gè)郡以及柏克立、阿康瑪克、諾珊普頓、依利薩伯、約克、安公主、諾?？说瓤ぐㄖZ?？撕蜆愦拿┧箖沙窃趦?nèi)），這些除開的地區(qū)現(xiàn)在仍暫時(shí)維持本公告發(fā)出之前的原有狀況。
為著上述的目的，我利用我的職權(quán)，正式命令并宣告在上述諸州以及某些州的上述地區(qū)以內(nèi)所有作為奴錄的人現(xiàn)在和今后永遠(yuǎn)獲得自由；合眾國政府，包括海陸軍當(dāng)局在內(nèi)，將承認(rèn)并保持上述人們的自由。
我現(xiàn)在命令這些被宣布自由的人們，除非是必須的自衛(wèi)，不得有違法行為；我勸告他們，在任何可能的情況下，他們應(yīng)當(dāng)忠實(shí)地為合理的工資而勞動(dòng)。
我進(jìn)一步宣告在適當(dāng)條件下，這些人們可參加合眾國的軍事工作，駐守炮臺(tái)、陳地、衛(wèi)戍區(qū)域以及其他地區(qū)，以及在各種軍艦上服役。
我真誠地相信這個(gè)舉動(dòng)是一個(gè)正義的舉動(dòng)，合于憲法的規(guī)定，根據(jù)軍事的需要。我祈求人類的慎重判斷和萬能上帝的恩典。
作為證明，我署名于此并加蓋合眾國國璽。
于華盛頓，1863年元月1日
合眾國獨(dú)立第87周年。
阿伯拉罕·林肯
威廉·西華德（國務(wù)卿）
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