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2015年高考英語課標(biāo)卷真題

語篇填空（兩篇聯(lián)評）

鄧北平

單項填空或多項選擇題(multiplechoice)一般是在單句小語境下對英語學(xué)習(xí)者的語法知識、詞匯知識及語言交際等方面進行單點（較少多點）的訓(xùn)練、鞏固或檢測、診斷，教師藉此可以有效掌握英語學(xué)習(xí)者的學(xué)習(xí)狀況。這個題型一直以來為英語語言訓(xùn)練和大規(guī)模測試所廣泛采用。其優(yōu)點無外乎以下幾點:1.考點易于精準(zhǔn)投放;2.考點覆蓋相對較廣; 3.考生便于快速作答;4.教師便于快速閱卷、快速統(tǒng)計、快速反饋等。

但該題型的先天不足也是顯而易見的:1.單句小語境；2.點位設(shè)計單一；3.綜合程度不高；4.動手能力弱；5.思維空間??；6.思維時間少等。對于這些問題，很多地方卷種很早就已經(jīng)注意到并進行了在語篇環(huán)境下對語法知識、詞匯知識及語言交際等方面的有益的探索與嘗試：把語法或詞匯的測試關(guān)進語篇的籠子（聽上去好正能量?。?。

一、地方卷語法或詞匯測試在語篇環(huán)境下的探索歷程

1. 廣東卷的探索與福建卷的跟進

廣東省在2007年取消單項填空題，改用在語篇或文段下的“語法填空”，主測考生對語法意識（如何在形式變化中掌握異族語言的語法特點）。同年，湖北卷也將單項填空題進行縮水（由15小題縮減為10小題）并調(diào)整測試范圍（由三項知識調(diào)整為一項知識：詞匯）。2009年，福建也投放了在語篇環(huán)境下兩種提示（漢語提示、首字母提示）的“短文填詞”（該題型的目的是用來取代短文改錯）。

2. 上海卷的努力探索

特別值得一提的是上海卷，尤其是上海卷語篇考查的量度與力度。

※2004年上海卷對語法、詞匯進行分類考查：即Ⅱ.Grammar（共20小題）和Ⅲ.Vocabulary（共10題），且俱為單項填空題。

※2005-2007年上海卷對語法、詞匯進行聯(lián)合考查（只是題型板塊意義上的合成，并非測試內(nèi)容上的整合），即Ⅱ.Grammar and Vocabulary（共20小題）。

※2008-2013年雖然也用了II.Grammar and Vocabulary的形式，但分成了sectionA（共16小題）和sectionB（共9小題）兩部分，其中sectionA仍然為傳統(tǒng)的multiplechoice（只考查語法），sectionB則為“選詞填空”（該題型名稱為筆者所加，為表述方便）。

Section B

Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Eachword can only be used once. Note that there is one word more thanyou need.

筆者注：2008-2013年，上海卷該題框格內(nèi)提供的詞匯為10個（到J），試題為9個，自2014年起，增加至11個，試題為10個。

以語篇或文段的形式考查詞匯用法，但對形式變化沒有考查，因為命題者已經(jīng)提供了正確的形式在框格內(nèi)。因此，如果考生認為詞義符合題意，詞性或語法形式即已正確。上海卷的“選詞填空”主要涉及詞法考點（實詞類：動、名、形、副）及文段考點部分（上下文理解與搭配或結(jié)構(gòu)）。上海卷該題的選文體裁主要是記敘文和說明文。

自2014年起，上海卷將SectionA部分的multiplechoice終于剔除了，徹底告別了利用multiplechoice進行語法和詞匯方面的測試的傳統(tǒng)做法，改為在語篇環(huán)境下的語法測試（語篇填詞）。上海卷最終實現(xiàn)了一切以語篇或文段性測試為旨歸做法，讓語法與詞匯測試在語篇或文段中綜合起來、鮮活起來與靈動起來。而且試題量不減。SectionA投放兩篇文章，共16小題。SectionB投放一篇文章，共10小題，比之前多1小題。除題量略增外，基本上保持了2008年以來的形式與風(fēng)格。注意，有一點必須說明，上海卷自始至終并未給這個題型一個正式的名稱，僅以試題指導(dǎo)語說明之，估計一名之立，大不易也，算是一種無奈的模糊。

II.Grammar and Vocabulary

SectionA

Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make thepassages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with agiven word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the givenword; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits eachblank.

3. 課標(biāo)卷的正式引進

隨后，2014年，教育部考試中心命制的課標(biāo)卷也實行了去單項填空，改用語篇填空。隨著課標(biāo)卷參考范圍的不斷擴大（2016年將有25個省份采用教育部考試中心提供的課標(biāo)卷），這一語篇大語境取代單句小語境進行知識點測試的一股細浪逐漸演變成了一股洪流，且勢不可擋。實際上，課標(biāo)卷也未給這一題型一個具體的題型名稱，也只給了一個題型導(dǎo)語性說明：“閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。”做法頗類上海,但沒有像廣東、福建等卷種給了清晰的題型名稱：語法填空、短文填詞。

語篇填空測試考生的詞匯知識、語言知識、語法知識、語篇邏輯等方面由來已久。上海卷不僅用語篇來考查考生的語法知識，也用來考查考生的詞匯知識。廣東人也用語法填空來考查學(xué)生的語篇知識，但說來雖然是語法填空，但并不都是語法。因此，筆者認為，咱不用非內(nèi)容性表述而用形式性表述“語篇填空”來作為這一類題型的名稱似乎更為恰當(dāng)，更能統(tǒng)括。茲事體大，且按下不表。擬日后專文討論“英語測試中題型名稱那些事兒”。若學(xué)術(shù)氣或迂腐氣一點的話，標(biāo)題可叫“英語題型名稱的規(guī)范性研究”；若不怕俗氣，標(biāo)題可叫“題型名稱，你腫么了”；當(dāng)然呢，咱也可以“潮”一把，標(biāo)題索性就叫“題型也要名，然并卵”?？垂伲脒x哪個玩兒？

二、2015年高考英語課標(biāo)I、II卷“語篇填空”兩篇聯(lián)評

要研究一個題型，首先要研究這個題型的指導(dǎo)語。指導(dǎo)語是題型開發(fā)者或命題者運用文字對題型特點進行精確描述并指導(dǎo)答題者正確答題的路徑說明。既然試題指導(dǎo)語是用文字來描述的，那么，疏漏、模糊、歧義等問題也會隨之而來。解決這些問題也不太難，就是看看該試題究竟想干什么？做一下，就知道了。嘗一下，也許會發(fā)現(xiàn)問題的解決方法。先看導(dǎo)語：“閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。”那么，什么叫“適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容”？咱們來解剖一下整個試題吧。

原來，本題型共10個小題，有給詞，有不給詞的。不給詞的你就得填入“適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容”，這個喚作“無中生有”。你得根據(jù)文意或上下文的需要來“制造”或搜索枯腸。幸運的是，這類詞匯往往是虛詞、小詞、也可能是關(guān)聯(lián)上下文或合乎邏輯的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。實詞的不要。注意，只能“1個單詞”。給詞了的空，你就得用“括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式”填入。注意，此處并未說“1個單詞”。在英語的語法形態(tài)中，詞的語法形式比較復(fù)雜，要想正確，談何容易。但一般入選高考試題的語法形式皆屬于基本形式或常規(guī)用法，難不到哪里去。比如，非謂語類，無非-ing形式，-ed形式和todo形式。打住！todo可是兩個單詞！動詞不定式的記號to，在英語中叫小品詞，雖然沒有歸類到十大詞類中去，也算是一個名頭。不過，您可得注意了，這個只不過是動詞不定式的一個形式，就好比加載在動詞后面的-ing或-ed一樣，這相當(dāng)于是前置于動詞而已，因此，todo只能算是一個單詞！參見2015年課標(biāo)卷II“語篇填空”第66小題答案（tocool）。又比如，一個動詞的被動形式是be done，因此，可能是wasdone或isdone，這個時候，也只能算做一個單詞，因為這是該動詞的被動語態(tài)形式。它只是形式。你要是在考試中，蒙頭蒙腦，本來知道要填被動語態(tài)，結(jié)果你只填了個done，而沒有前面的助動詞，那你就冤了。

2015年廣東卷“語法填空”題19小題，您就得填兩個詞：wasleft。廣東人的說法是“在空格處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空”！您到哪里找碴去?。吭僬f人家課標(biāo)卷的指導(dǎo)語也依樣畫葫蘆，采用的是“或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式”這樣的選擇性表述，并未提及此處只能填入一個詞！因此無論是從“形式”來看，還是從“指導(dǎo)語”角度看，天衣無縫。當(dāng)然有縫也是您眼神不好，腦洞未開啊。指導(dǎo)語的疏漏也好，模糊也好，歧義也好，反正您找不著人家把柄。

總的說來，課標(biāo)卷的語篇填空題，在命題形式上，有給詞、不給詞兩種。在填入單詞的唯一性上應(yīng)依據(jù)實際形式而論。凡語法，必是形式發(fā)生變化。注意，不變也是變化的一種。給詞的，一般7個，則必然發(fā)生形式變化。不給詞的，一般3個，則無所謂變化，只是順應(yīng)文意與邏輯的小詞。另外，答案的唯一性問題，有時候可能會有兩個答案皆為正確的時候。這個時候，你事實上只需要填對一個即可。

細觀2015年課標(biāo)卷兩套語篇填空題，雖然將語法或語用測試納入到語篇之中進行測試，但就每個題而言，語篇的聯(lián)系性、整體性和綜合性還設(shè)計得遠不如完形填空那般老道、成熟。基本上還處于題在“句”中，形與意也在“句”中的淺層次，還沒有“文”什么事。文脈與邏輯的綜合性、關(guān)聯(lián)性織體遠未形成。作為考點載體的語篇的意義未能得到很好地彰顯，可能考慮到尚處于實驗性階段，也可能考慮到難度配置的問題。不過，這些都是托詞，命題技術(shù)的提高并非旨在增加試題的難度，而是要完美實現(xiàn)檢測受試者實際語言能力的功能。

1. 2015年高考英語課標(biāo)卷I

第二節(jié) （共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）

閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。

Yangshuo,China(160)

Itwas raining lightly when I__61__(arrive) in Yangshuo justbefore dawn. But I didn’t care. A few hours__62__, I’d beenat home in Hong Kong, with __63_(it) choking smog. Here, theair was clean and fresh, even with the rain.

I’dskipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking thelimestone mountain tops and dark waters of the LiRiver_64__are pictured by artists in so many Chinese_65__(painting). Instead, I’d headed straight for Yangshuo.For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away__66_ carand offers all the scenery of the better-known city.

Yangshuo__67__(be)really beautiful. A study of travelers_ 68__(conduct) by thewebsite TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popularweekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, atravel company in Hong Kong, says it_ 69__(regular) arrangesquick getaways here for people_ 70__(live) in Shanghai andHong Kong.

參考答案：

61arrived    62 before/earlier       63its    64 that/which           65 paintings 

66by           67is             68conducted     69regularly        70 living

表1.2015年課標(biāo)卷I語篇填空考點一覽表

2. 2015年高考英語課標(biāo)卷II

第二節(jié)（共10小題：每小題1.5分，滿分15分）

閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。167

Theadobe dwellings (土坯房）__61__(build)by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even__62__ most modern of architects and engineers. In additionto their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable istheir __63__(able) to “air condition” a house without__64__（use）electricequipment. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hotdays and give out that heat__65__（slow）duringcool nights，thuswarning the house. When a new day breaks, the walls have given uptheir heat and are now cold enough __66 _ (cool) the houseduring the hot day: __67__ the same time, they warm up againfor the night. This cycle  __68 __ (go) dayafter day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during thenight and thus always a timely offset（抵消）forthe outside temperatures. As __69__(nature) architects, thePueblo Indians figured out exactly__70__thick the adobewalls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

參考答案：

61.built              62.the                  63.ability           64.using       65. slowly 

66. tocool          67.at                   68.goes.             69.natural      70. How

表2.2015年課標(biāo)卷II語篇填空考點一覽表

三、2015年幾個主要地方卷的“語篇填空”題展播

他山之石，或可攻玉，您“攻攻”吧。

1. 2015年上海卷“語法試題”與“詞匯試題”

Ⅱ.Grammar and vocabulary

Section A

Directions: Afterreading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passagescoherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a givenword, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks, use one word that best fits eachblank.

(A)

Gift from astranger

My localsupermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found wasconvenient, but I’d noticed a woman in a blue car circling for awhite(25)    Iwas in a good mood, I left her have it .On the edge of the car parkI backed into the next available spot-it was a tightfit.

Pretty soon I’dmade my way through the supermarket and was back in the fresh air.Feeling good, I (26)  (empty) my purse change into the heads of a homeless man and helpeda struggling woman reverse park.

Just as Iapproached my car, I saw the woman I’d let have my car spotearlier. She was fiving me(27)   .odd-look halfpuzzled, half intent(熱切的).I smiled and wished her a pleasant day. As I back into my car, Isaw the same lady(28)     (look)in at me. “Hello,” she said , hesitantly “This(29)   sound crazy, but I was on my way to drop some of my mother’s thingoff at the charity bins. You are just so much (30)    her.You helped those people, I noticed, and you seemed so happy.” Shelooked at me meaningfully and passed a box in through the window.“I think she would like you to have it.”(31)     (shock),I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walkedaway.

After a pause, Iopened the box. Inside was a beautiful gold necklace with a largegrey pearl. It was(32)   （nice）giftI’d ever received, and I was from a complete stranger. The necklacewas around my neck, a warm reminder of human kindness.

(B)

Ask HelpfulHannah

Dear HelpfulHannah,

  I’d got a problem with my husband, Sam. He bought a smartphone acouple of months ago, and he took it on our recent ski vacation toColorado. It was a great trip except for one problem. He has aconstant urge (33)   (check)for text messages, he checks his phone every five minutes! He’s soaddicted to it that he just can’t stand the idea(34)     theremay be an important text . He can’t help checking even atinappropriate times like when we are eating in a restaurant and Iam talking to him! He behaves (35)          anysmall amount of boredom can make him feel the need to check hisphone even when he knows he shouldn’t. The temptation tosee（36）    isconnecting him is just too great. When I ask him to please put downthe phone and stop (37)    (ignore)me, he says, “In a minute,” but still checks to see if(38)    has posted something new on the internet. Ourlife (39)    (interrupt).If we go somewhere and I ask him to leave the phone at home, hesuffers from withdrawal symptoms. Maybe this dependency on hissmartphone has become more than an everyday problem.

  I recently read an article about “nomophobia”(40)     is real illness people can suffer from the feat of being withoutyour phone! I am worried that Sam may be suffering from thisillness because he feels anxious if he doesn’t have his phone withhim, even for a short time.

  Who would have thought that little devices like these could havebrought so much trouble!

Sick and TiredSadie

參考答案：

2. 2015年廣東卷“語法填空”

第二節(jié) 語法填空（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）

   閱讀下面短文,按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求,在空格處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空,并將答案填寫在答題卡標(biāo)號為16-25的相應(yīng)位置上。   

Mr.Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. Heowned  16   farm, which lookedalmost abandoned.  17   (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milkevery day. He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the townsnearly   18   other food and made cheese and butter for thefamily with what  19   (leave). The cow was their only means of support,in fact. One day, the cow was eating grass   20   it began to rain heavily. While making greatefforts to run away, she   21   (fall) over the hill and died. Then the Johnsontried to make a living   22   the cow. In order to support his family, Mr.Johnson began to plant herbs and vegetables. Since the plants tooka while to grow, he started cutting down trees   23   (sell) the wood. Thinking about his children’sclothes, he started growing cotton too. When harvest came around,he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market   24   people from the town met regularly. Now itoccurred to   25that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow wasa bit of luck.

參考答案：

16.a    17. luckily   18.for   19. wasleft   20.When  

21.fell    22.without   23. tosell   24.where   25. Him

3. 2015年福建卷“短文填詞”

第一節(jié) 短文填詞(共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分)

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)以下提示：1）漢語提示，2）首字母提示，在每個空格內(nèi)填入一個英語單詞，所填單詞要求意義準(zhǔn)確，拼寫正確，并將該詞完整地寫在答題卡中相應(yīng)橫線上。

Sometimes we havedisagreements with people. When this (76) h        , the important thing is to try not to let a calm discussion turninto a heated argument. Here (77 )    ______________my tips for you.

The(78)f        thing I would say is thatthe way you begin the conversation is very important.

Imagineyou are a student and you share a flat(79)            another student who you think isn't doing her share of thehousework. If you say, "Look, you never do your share of thehousework,(80)       are you going to do about it?" the discussion will very soon turninto an argument. It's much more (81)______ (有幫助)tosay something like, "I think we had

(82) b _____haveanother look about how we divide up the housework. Maybe there is abetter way of dealing with it. "

Mysecond piece of (83) a _______ is simple. If you're the person whois in the wrong, just admit it! This is the easiest and best way toavoid an argument. Just make an (84)        (道歉)，andmove on. The other person will have more respect for you(85)     the future if you do that.

參考答案：

76.happens        77.are     78.first   79.with     80.What

81.helpful/beneficial   82.better  83.advice  84.apology   85.in

 未完待續(xù)

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