漢語(yǔ)多用并列結(jié)構(gòu),一個(gè)句子可以包含幾個(gè)并列分句,或一個(gè)主語(yǔ)帶幾個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)喜用主從結(jié)構(gòu),用主句表達(dá)主要內(nèi)容以突出重點(diǎn),用定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)句中較為次要的含義,從而使句子顯出層次。
例2.海南島和臺(tái)灣的面積差不多,那里有許多資源,有富鐵礦,有石油天然氣,還有橡膠和別的熱帶亞熱帶作物。海南島好好發(fā)展起來(lái),是很了不起的。
Hainan Island, which is almost as big as Taiwan, has abundant natural resources, such as rich iron ore, oil and natural gas, as well as rubber and other tropical and subtropical crops. When it is fully developed, the result should be extraordinary.
例3.我們的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)是解決溫飽問(wèn)題,這個(gè)目標(biāo)已經(jīng)達(dá)到了。
Our first objective was to solve the problem of food and clothing, which we have now done.
例4.過(guò)去我們搬用別國(guó)的模式,結(jié)果阻礙了生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展,在思想上導(dǎo)致僵化,妨礙人民和基層積極性的發(fā)揮。
We used to copy foreign models mechanically, which only hampered the development of our productive forces, induced ideological rigidity and kept the people and grass-roots units from taking any initiative.
以上三例,譯文都用了which。2003年出版的Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English第4版關(guān)于which的用法有這樣一段說(shuō)明:used,after a comma in writing,to add more information about the thing,situation or event you have just mentioned. 這正是以上三例中which的用法。例2 which引導(dǎo)的從句說(shuō)明海南的大小,這只是對(duì)主語(yǔ)Hainan Island順便作的一點(diǎn)說(shuō)明,不是主要內(nèi)容,這句話重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明海南島的資源。例3中的which代表主句中的to solve the problem of food and clothing,例4中的which代表前面整個(gè)主句,都表示結(jié)果。
例5.深圳搞了七八年了,取得了很大的成績(jī)。
But the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has achieved remarkable successes since it was established almost eight years ago.
例6.開始的時(shí)候廣東提出搞特區(qū),我同意了他們的意見,我說(shuō)名字叫經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū),搞政治特區(qū)就不好了。
It was the leaders of Guangdong Province who first came up with the proposal that special zones be established, and I agreed. But I said they should be called special economic zones, not special political zones, because we didn’t like anything of that sort.
例7.占全國(guó)人口百分之八十的農(nóng)民連溫飽都沒(méi)有保障,怎么能體現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義的優(yōu)越性呢?
When the peasants, who make up 80 percent of China’s population, could not even be guaranteed adequate food and clothing, how could we demonstrate the superiority of socialism?
以上三例分別用連詞since,because和when引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。例5從上下文來(lái)看,主要想說(shuō)明深圳的成績(jī),時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短不是重點(diǎn)。若用主句或并列分句來(lái)說(shuō)時(shí)間,就喧賓奪主了。例6 because起連接作用,英語(yǔ)講究“形合”,這里需要有個(gè)連詞。當(dāng)然不一定非用because,用as,for或since也都可以。這三個(gè)例子中用的連詞,最不起眼的就是when,因?yàn)樗玫米疃?。這里不用連詞行不行?不行。例7原文前半句是陳述句,后半句是問(wèn)句,并不需要用連詞。英語(yǔ)則不然,這句譯文可以分成兩句,陳述句和問(wèn)句各自成句;若放在一個(gè)句子里,就需要用連詞,當(dāng)然也不一定非用when,此處用if也可以。例2第2句譯文用when,也是起連接作用。
例8.將來(lái)中國(guó)富強(qiáng)起來(lái)了,也永遠(yuǎn)不稱霸。
China will never seek hegemony even if it grows rich and strong in the future.
例9.大錯(cuò)誤沒(méi)有犯,小錯(cuò)誤沒(méi)有斷,因?yàn)槲覀儧](méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
However, although we haven’t made any major mistakes, we have made many minor ones, because we have no experience.
此二例中的even if和although都表示語(yǔ)氣上的轉(zhuǎn)折,這種語(yǔ)氣上的轉(zhuǎn)折并不是譯者憑空加上的,而是深入分析原文得來(lái)的,這正體現(xiàn)了漢語(yǔ)“意合”的特點(diǎn)。一個(gè)連詞也不用,各種語(yǔ)氣的轉(zhuǎn)折自在其中。譯文連詞加得是否得當(dāng),就看譯者對(duì)原文理解得深不深了。
2.分詞短語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)體現(xiàn)主從關(guān)系,除了使用從句,還可以使用分詞短語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)有現(xiàn)在分詞,還有過(guò)去分詞,而且用法靈活多變。分詞引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),可以放在句首,可以放在句中,也可以放在句末。英譯漢時(shí)并不構(gòu)成什么困難,往往可以和普通動(dòng)詞同樣處理。大概也正因?yàn)槿绱?,漢譯英時(shí)我們往往想不到發(fā)揮英語(yǔ)的這一特點(diǎn),使譯文顯出層次,而只知一味地使用并列動(dòng)詞。因此要想提高譯文的質(zhì)量,經(jīng)常提醒自己用好分詞短語(yǔ),便是一件值得注意的事了。