(一)定義
何謂“直接引語”和“間接引語”
(二)三個原則
1、時態(tài)變化原則
2、人稱變化原則
3、句型變化原則
(三)注意事項
1、主句謂語動詞的變化
2、時間和地點狀語等的變化
3、直接引語是客觀事實或真理時
有間接引語,勢必先有直接引語。
所謂直接引語(Direct Speech),指的是直接引用別人的原話,兩邊用引號“ ”標出。
而所謂間接引語(Indirect Speech,或Reported Speech),指的是用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話,不需要引號“ ”標出。
(二)三個原則
直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語一直是各類英語考試中的考點,而考生也總是對于其中的轉(zhuǎn)換方法不甚清晰。其實,要想掌握難度也不大,首先要記住的是,直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語之后,一般是以賓語從句的形式呈現(xiàn)的。另外,最為關鍵的是要掌握以下兩個原則:
1、時態(tài)變化原則
當要把直接引語轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語時,首先要注意的是主句動詞的時態(tài)。一般分為以下兩種情況:
1)當主句動詞采用的是一般現(xiàn)在時時,間接引語中動詞的時態(tài)保持在直接引語時的時態(tài)不變。比如:
(1)
直接引語:The worker says to Mary, "I really appreciate your timely help."
間接引語:The worker tells Mary that he really appreciates her timely help.
(2)
直接引語:The workers say to my mother, "You have always been so nice to us all."
間接引語:The workers tell my mother she has always been so nice to them all.
2)當主句動詞采用的是一般過去時時,直接引語中的動詞時態(tài)要改為相應的過去時態(tài)。具體如何變化可參看下面的表格(表格中的7種時態(tài)是在《新概念英語》第一冊中先后出現(xiàn)的所有時態(tài),也是最為常用的7種時態(tài)):
比如:
(1)
直接引語:Jack said to me, "She is such a nice girl.” (一般現(xiàn)在時)
間接引語:Jack told me that she was such a nice girl. (一般過去時)
(2)
直接引語:Jack said to her, "You will pass the test." (一般將來時)
間接引語:Jack tolde her that she would pass the test. (過去將來時)
(3)
直接引語:Jack said to us, "I have been to Egypt twice." (現(xiàn)在完成時)
間接引語:Jack told us that he had been to Egypt twice. (過去完成時)
其實,從以上時態(tài)變化原則所給的例句中,已經(jīng)基本可以總結(jié)出直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時,人稱應該如何變化了。有人給出了一個很好的巧記口訣——“一隨主,二隨賓,三不變”。
口訣中所說的“一、二、三”指的是直接引語中的主語是第幾人稱,而“主、賓、不變”指的是直接引語主句中的主語、賓語或不變。下面我再跟大家詳細解釋一下。
1)所謂“一隨主”,指的是:當直接引語中的主語是第一人稱時,轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語后,其人稱要跟直接引語中的主句主語保持一致。如:
直接引語:He said to the princess, "I am a warrior from Spain."
間接引語:He told the princess that he was a warrior from Spain.
2)所謂“二隨賓”,指的是:當直接引語中的主語是第二人稱時,轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語后,其人稱要跟直接賓語中的主句的謂語動詞賓語保持一致。
直接引語:He said to the princess, "You can leave the castle at midnight."
間接引語:He told the princess that she could leave the castle at midnight.
3)所謂“三不變”,指的是:當直接引語中的主語是第三人稱時,轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語后,其人稱保持不變,即還是保持直接引語中原來的人稱。
直接引語:He said to the princess, "They will come to help soon."
間接引語:He told the princess that they would come to help soon.
【注意】當直接引語中出現(xiàn)了多個人稱時,所有人稱的變化都分別按照三種情況做相應的變化。如:
(1)
直接引語:He said to the princess, "I can escort you home."
間接引語:He told the princess that he could escort her home.
(2)
直接引語:He said to the princess, "Your people really appreciate your father's kindness and generosity to the poor."
間接引語:He told the princess that her people really appreciated her father's kindness and generosity to the poor.
.
所謂句型變化原則,指的是當直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時,要根據(jù)直接引語本身的句子種類,選擇不同的連接詞或作出不同句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。具體的變化情況請看下表:
其中,考慮到直接引語中的句子如果是反義疑問句或是感嘆句的情況不太常用,也不太???,所以在此就不加贅述了。
下面我們來看一些上表中的各種情況的例句:
(1)
直接引語:My boss said to me yesterday, "You don't need to go to the airport to meet him." (陳述句)
間接引語:My boss told me yesterday (that) I didn't need to go to the airport to meet him. (that連接,可以省略)
(2)
直接引語:My boss said to me yesterday, "Can you meet Michelle at the airport?" (一般疑問句)
間接引語:My boss asked me yesterday if/whether I could meet Michelle at the airport. (if/whether連接)
(3)
直接引語:My boss said to me yesterday, "Do you want to meet Michelle at the airport or in the office?" (選擇疑問句)
間接引語:My boss asked me yesterday if/whether I wanted to meet Michelle at the airport or in the office. (if/whether連接)
(4)
直接引語:My boss said to me yesterday, "What colour does Carol like best?" (特殊疑問句)
間接引語:My boss asked me yesterday what colour Carol liked best. (特殊疑問詞what連接)
(5)
直接引語:My boss said to me yesterday, "Book two tickets to London tomorrow." (肯定祈使句)
間接引語:My boss told me yesterday to book two tickets to London tomorrow. (改為to do)
(6)
直接引語:My boss said to me yesterday, "Don't come to work late again." (否定祈使句)
間接引語:My boss told me yesterday not to come to work late again. (改為not to do)
一般來說,如果直接引語中主句的謂語動詞是say/said to sb.,而且直接引語是陳述句時,變成間接引語后,一般都要改為tell/told sb.。但是,如果主句謂語動詞say/said后面沒有接to sb.時,則保持不變。
而如果直接引語中主句的謂語動詞是say/said to sb.,但直接引語是疑問句時,變成間接引語后,一般都要改為ask/asked sb.。但是,如果主句謂語動詞say/said后面沒有接to sb.時,則改為ask/asked即可。
一般來說,直接引語中的時間狀語和地點狀語也要作相應的變化,前提是要看轉(zhuǎn)述者是在直接引語原地轉(zhuǎn)述,還是異地轉(zhuǎn)述。也就是說,要看轉(zhuǎn)述者是不是彼時彼地直接就進行轉(zhuǎn)述了。如果直接就地轉(zhuǎn)述了,下面表格中的左邊的內(nèi)容保持不變;如果是異地轉(zhuǎn)述,就按照下面表格中右邊的內(nèi)容作相應的變化。
當然,以上表格并未窮盡所有時間和地點狀語的變化情況,大家需要根據(jù)具體情況酌情作出變化。需要注意的是,如果是具體日期和時刻,是保持不變的。
當直接引語是客觀事實或真理時,無論主句的謂語動詞采用的是一般現(xiàn)在時還是一般過去時,間接引語的謂語動詞還是采用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:
直接引語:The teacher said to the students, "The sun rises from the east and sets in the west."
間接引語:The teacher told the students (that) the sun rises from the east and sets in the west.