1.There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past,the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certainRobert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘ofhard usuall English wordes’.
翻譯：當(dāng)然，過去也有詞典，第一部詞典是一本大約120頁的小冊子，它由一位叫羅伯特·考德雷的人編纂而成并于1604年出版，書名叫《疑難常用英語詞匯表》。
詞匯：compile v. 編寫，編纂
a certain 某一
publish v. 出版
under the title 名叫……，題為……
分析：
主干部分：There had beendictionaries in the past. （倒裝句）
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：the first of these being alittle book of some 120 pages
The first ofthese 邏輯主語
Being a littlebook of some 120 pages 分詞短語
狀語成分：compiled by a certainRobert Cawdray, published ... wordes’. （過去分詞短語作狀語）
2.Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the riseof dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, whowere anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer ---lexical as well as social and commercial.
翻譯：除了從混亂中建立起秩序的實(shí)際需要，詞典的興起也與英國中產(chǎn)階級的興起息息相關(guān)，他們急切地希望能定義和界定各種各樣等待他們?nèi)フ鞣念I(lǐng)域——詞匯領(lǐng)域，社會領(lǐng)域以及商業(yè)領(lǐng)域。
詞匯：
Chaos n. 混亂，紊亂
Rise n. 興起
Associate v. 聯(lián)系，聯(lián)想
Middle class n. 中產(chǎn)階級
Anxious a. 焦急的，渴望的；令人焦慮的
Circumscribe vt. 限制，制約；劃定……的范圍
Conquer v. 征服
Lexical a. 詞匯的；詞典的
分析：
主干部分：the rise of dictionariesis associated with the rise of the English middle class
狀語成分：Beyond the practical needto make order out of chaos
定語從句：who were anxious to defineand circumscribe the various worlds to conquer --- lexical as well as socialand commercial.
3.It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the verymodel of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as inours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heydayof the middle class.
翻譯：塞繆爾·約翰遜是18世紀(jì)文學(xué)家的代表人物，他在當(dāng)時就已像今天一樣享譽(yù)盛名，他于中產(chǎn)階級的黃金時代伊始時出版了《詞典》一書，此舉大大滿足了時代的需求。
詞匯：
Appropriate a. 合適的，適當(dāng)?shù)?/span>
Heyday n. 全盛期，黃金時代
Samuel Johnson n. 塞繆爾·約翰遜 (1709年9月7日-1784年12月3日)常被稱為約翰遜博士(Dr. Johnson) ; 英國歷史上最有名的文人之一; 集文評家、詩人、散文家、傳記家于一身。
分析：
這句話的主句是It is highly appropriatethat，it在這里作形式主語，真正的主語是that所引導(dǎo)的句子。It is ... that...表示強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣。
主干成分：Dr Samuel Johnson shouldhave published his Dictionary.
同位語：the very model of aneighteenth-century literary man作Samuel Johnson的同位語
定語：as famous in his own timeas in ours （as...as結(jié)構(gòu)：像……一樣）
狀語：at the very beginning ofthe heyday of the middle class.
4.James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret whereJohnson worked as ‘fitted up like a counting house’ with a long desk runningdown the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.
翻譯：他的傳記作者詹姆斯·鮑威爾描述了約翰遜工作的閣樓“裝修得像間財(cái)務(wù)室”，一張長桌橫立于屋子的正中間，謄寫員們在桌子兩旁站著工作。
詞匯：
Biographer n. 傳記作家
Garret n. 頂樓，閣樓
Fit up 裝配，裝備
Copying clerk 謄寫員
分析：
在這個長句里，主干成分是James Boswelldescribed the garret。His biographer作主語的同位語，where是關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)了一個定語從句，修飾garret。
現(xiàn)在分詞Running down the middle作desk的定語，at which引導(dǎo)的句子作desk的定語從句。
5.The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe andmatched them (everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty yearsto produce the first French national dictionary) was cause for much Englishcelebration.
翻譯：（眾所周知，四十位法國學(xué)者曾花了整整四十年才使得第一部法語詞典誕生，）然而約翰遜卻獨(dú)自承擔(dān)起了整個歐洲學(xué)術(shù)界的工作，其結(jié)果出色之程度也與法語詞典不相上下，這使得英國人倍感驕傲。
詞匯：
Academies of Europe 歐洲學(xué)術(shù)界
Take on 承擔(dān)
Match v. （數(shù)量或質(zhì)量）與……不相上下
celebration
分析：
這個長句中，The fact是主語，“that Johnson hadtaken on the Academies of Europe and matched them”為the fact的同位語，是一個以that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。括號里的整個部分是狀語成分，起到解釋說明的作用。剩下的部分跟主語一起，The fact was cause of much English celebration是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的主句。
6. For all its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work isa masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words, ‘setting the orthography,displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining thesignifications of English words’.
翻譯：盡管存在著錯誤和古怪之處，他的兩冊詞典依然是杰作，是里程碑，用他自己的話來說，這部詞典“確立了拼字法，體現(xiàn)了詞匯辨析，規(guī)范了結(jié)構(gòu)，明釋了英文單詞的含義”。
詞匯：
For all 盡管，雖然
Eccentricity n. 古怪，反常
Two-volume adj. 兩卷的，兩冊的
Landmark n. 里程碑
Orthography n. 正確拼字
Analogy n. 類推
Ascertain vt. 查明，弄清
Signification n. 含義
分析：
這句話的主干成分是：His two-volume workis a masterpiece and a landmark。前面的For all its faults andeccentricities是for all引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語；in his own words及后面引用的部分作解釋說明的作用。
7.The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnsonfamous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon KingGeorge Ⅲ to offer him a pension.
翻譯：《詞典》與他的其他作品一起，使約翰遜揚(yáng)名四海，備受推崇，以至于他的朋友們說服了喬治三世，賜予他一筆撫恤金。
詞匯：
So…that 如此…以至于….
Esteemed adj. <書>受人尊敬的
Prevail v. 說服，勸服
Pension n. 撫恤金
分析：
這句話由The Dictionary作主語，together…writing是插入語，made是謂語動詞，Johnson作賓語，famous and so wellesteemed作賓語補(bǔ)足語，so…that引導(dǎo)了一個結(jié)果狀語從句。
主干成分是：The Dictionary madeJohnson famous and so well esteemed.
8.Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English verypractically, as a living language, with many different shades of meaning.
翻譯：與從前的詞典編纂者不同，約翰遜選擇了十分務(wù)實(shí)地處理英語，他注重英語的實(shí)際使用，把握不同程度上的意思差別。
詞匯：
Predecessor n. 前任，前輩
Practically adv. 實(shí)際地
Living adj. 活著的；在使用的
Shade n. 濃淺深淡，色度
分析：
這句話的主干成分是Johnson treated Englishvery practically，其余的部分都作狀語。
9.The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks(and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations, drawnfrom English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time.
翻譯：詞典編纂工程量極大，在沒有圖書館可供查閱的情況下，約翰遜寫滿了八十大本筆記，他寫了超過四萬條單詞的詞語定義，并從由英語寫作的不同學(xué)科資料中摘出了差不多十一萬四千條引用來說明這些單詞紛繁復(fù)雜的含義，他所用的引用可追溯到伊麗莎白時代。
詞匯：
Immense adj. 巨大的
To hand 在手頭，近在手邊
Illustrate v. 說明，舉例說明
Quotation n. 引用
Draw…from 從…召集（選擇）
The Elizabethans 伊麗莎白時代
分析：這個句子由三個子句構(gòu)成：第一個子句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)：The work was immense；第二個子句是Johnson wrote…words；第三個是Johnsonillustrated…quotations，drawn…subject作定語修飾quotations，from…time作時間狀語。前面的filling about…h(huán)and全部是狀語成分。
10．Johnson was a poet andcritic who raised common sense to the heights of genius.
翻譯：約翰遜是位詩人，也是個評論家，是他將常識上升到了天才的高度。
詞匯：
Poet n. 詩人
Critic n. 評論家
Common sense 常識
Genius n. 天才
分析：這個句子相對較簡單：Johnsonwas a poet and critic是主句，who引導(dǎo)了定語從句。
